The Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Early Gastrointestinal Maturation in Young Turkey Poults
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2012.445.452Keywords:
Gastrointestinal tract, Nissle 1917, organic, E. coli, probiotic, Turkey poultsAbstract
Concerns over the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry production has led to interest in finding alternative growth promoters such as natural compounds and probiotics. Supplementing feed with probiotics has shown to enhance the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) development of chickens and turkeys. The human probiotic, E. coli Nissle 1917 (EC Nissle) has been shown to stimulate innate immunity in mammals and to increase body weight in poultry. However, the effect of this probiotic on GIT development has not been studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of EC Nissle in the maturation of the GIT of young turkey poults. Fifty-four day of hatch turkey poults were housed in battery brooders and fed either a standard diet or the same diet containing of 108cfu EC Nissle /bird/day for 21 days. For GIT morphometric analysis, birds were euthanized on days 4, 7 or 21 and samples collected to evaluate villus height, villus surface area, lamina propria thickness, crypt depth and the number of neutral goblet cells. GIT morphometric analysis was conducted on duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum on days 4 and 7 and the duodenum on day 21. Villus height and villus surface of the GIT were higher in the EC Nissle treatments compared to control (p<0.05) on all sampling days with the exception of the jejunum and ileum on day 4. Lamina propria thickness and crypt depth were also increased in the EC Nissle treatment in all sections of the GIT except on day 4 in the jejunum. These data suggest that this human E. coli isolate enhanced the maturation of the GIT in young turkey poults and may have potential as an alternative to growth promoting antibiotics.
References
Anonymous, 1999. How do mannanoligosaccharides work?. Feeding Times, 1: 7-9.
Apata, D.F., 2009. Antibiotic resistance in poultry. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8: 404-408.
Aptekmann, K.P., S.M.B. Arton, M.A. Stefanini and M.A. Orsi, 2001. Morphometric analysis of the intestine of domestic quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) treated with different levels of dietary calcium. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 30: 277-280.
Awad, W.A., J. Bohm, E. Razzazi-Fazeli, K. Ghareeb and J. Zentek, 2006. Effect of addition of a probiotic microorganism to broiler diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol on performance and histological alterations of intestinal villi of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 85: 974-979.
Awad, W.A., K. Ghareeb, S. Abdel-Raheem and J. Bohm, 2009. Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 88: 49-56.
Ayabe, T., D.P. Satchell, C.L. Wilson, W.C. Parks, M.E. Selsted and A.J. Ouelette, 2000. Secretion of microbicidal α-defensins by intestinal Paneth cells in response to bacteria. Nat. Immunol., 1: 113-118.
Bywater, R.J., 2005. Identification and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance dissemination in animal production. Poul. Sci., 84: 644-648.
Caspary, W.F., 1992. Physiology and pathophysiology of intestinal absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 55: 299S-308S.
Cavazzoni, V., S.A. Adami and C. Castrovilli, 1998. Performance of broiler chickens supplemented with Bacillus coagulans as probiotic. Br. Poult. Sci., 39: 526-529.
Chichlowski, M., J. Croom, B.W. McBride, L. Daniel, G. Davis and M.D. Koci, 2007. Direct-fed Microbial primalac and salinomycin modulate whole-body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal mucosal cytokine production in the broiler chick. Poult. Sci., 86: 1100-1106.
Cole, C.B., R. Fuller and M.J. Newport, 1987. The effect of diluted yoghurt on the gut microbiology and growth of piglets. Food Microbiol., 4: 83-85.
Craven, S.E. and D.D. Williams, 1998. In vitro attachment of Salmonella typhimurium to chicken cecal mucus: Effect of cations and pretreatment with Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the intestinal tracts of chickens. J. Food Prot., 61: 265-271.
Denbow, D.M., 2000. Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology. In: Sturkie's Avian Physiology, Whittow, G.C. (Ed.). 5th Edn., Chapter 12, Academic Press, San Diego, CA., USA., ISBN: 978-0-12-747605-6, pp: 299-325.
Dibner, J.J. and J.D. Richards, 2005. Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: History and mode of action. Poult. Sci., 84: 634-643.
Fan, Y.K., J. Croom, V.L. Christensen, B.L. Black and A.R. Bird et al., 1997. Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in Turkey poults selected for rapid growth. Poult. Sci., 76: 1738-1745.
FAO. and WHO., 2002. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Joint FAO/WHO Working Group Report on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, London, Ontario, Canada, April 30 and May 1, 2002.
Farnell, M.B., A.M. Donoghue, F.S. de los Santos, P.J. Blore, B.M. Hargis, G. Tellez and D.J. Donoghue, 2006. Upregulation of oxidative burst and degranulation in chicken heterophils stimulated with probiotic bacteria. Poult. Sci., 85: 1900-1906.
Forstner, J.F., 1978. Intestinal mucins in health and disease. Digestion, 17: 234-263.
Fuller, R., 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Applied Bacteriol., 66: 365-378.
Geyra, A., Z. Uni and D. Sklan, 2001. Enterocyte dynamics and mucosal development in the posthatch chick. Poult. Sci., 80: 776-782.
Huff, G.R., W.E. Huff, C. Enders, U. Sonnenborn, M.B. Farnell, F.S.D.L. Santos and A.M. Donoghue, 2006. Oral treatment with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 improves body weight and modulates the stress response of poultry in respiratory challenges with avian pathogenic E. coli. Proceedings of the 12th European Poultry Conference, September 10-14, 2006, Verona, Italty, pp: 1-6.
Imondi, A.R. and F.H. Bird, 1966. The turnover of intestinal epithelium in the chick. Poult. Sci., 45: 142-147.
Jin, L.Z., Y.W. Ho, N. Abdullah and S. Jalaludin, 1997. Probiotics in poultry: Modes of action. World's Poult. Sci. J., 53: 351-368.
Jin, L.Z., Y.W. Ho, N. Abdullah and S. Jalaludin, 1998. Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures. Poult. Sci., 77: 1259-1265.
Kabir, S.M.L., M.M. Rahman, M.B. Rahman, M.M. Rahman and S.U. Ahmed, 2004. The dynamics of probiotics on growth performance and immune response in broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 361-364.
Koenen, M.E., J. Kramer, R. van der Hulst, L. Heres, S.H.M. Jeurissen and W.J.A. Boersma, 2004. Immunomodulation by probiotic lactobacilli in layer- and meat-type chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 45: 355-366.
Kruis, W., P. Fric, J. Pokrotnieks, M. Lukas and B. Fixa et al., 2004. Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut, 53: 1617-1623.
Macpherson, A.J. and N.L. Harris, 2004. Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 4: 478-485.
Malchow, H.A., 1997. Crohn's disease and Escherichia coli. A new approach in therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn's disease? J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 25: 653-658.
Matthes, H., T. Krummenerl, M. Giensch, C. Wolff and J. Schulze, 2010. Clinical trial: Probiotic treatment of acute distal ulcerative colitis with rectally administered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN). BMC Complementary Altern. Med., Vol. 10.
McManus, J.F.A., 1948. Histological and histochemical uses of periodic acid. Biotech. Histochem., 23: 99-108.
Mohamed, I., W. Schroedl, H.M. Hafez and M. Krueger, 2004. Investigations on the probiotic effects of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 after oral infection with Salmonella enteritidis. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol., 13: 144-144.
Mountzouris, K.C., P. Tsirtsikos, E. Kalamara, S. Nitsch, G. Schatzmayr and K. Fegeros, 2007. Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus and Pediococcus strains in promoting broiler performance and modulating cecal microflora composition and metabolic activities. Poult. Sci., 86: 309-317.
Mountzouris, K.C., P. Tsitrsikos, I. Palamidi, A. Arvaniti, M. Mohnl, G. Schatzmayr and K. Fegeros, 2010. Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins and cecal microflora composition. Poult. Sci., 89: 58-67.
Nahanshon, S.N., H.S. Nakaue and L.W. Mirosh, 1992. Effects of direct fed microbials on nutrient retention and parameters of laying pullets. Poult. Sci., 71: 111-111.
Nahanshon, S.N., H.S. Nakaue and L.W. Mirosh, 1993. Effects of direct fed microbials on nutrient retention and parameters of Single White Leghorn pullets. Poult. Sci., 72: 87-87.
Pluske, J.R., M.J. Tompson, C.S. Atwood, P.H. Bird, I.H. Williams and P.E. Hartmann, 1996. Maintenance of villus height and crypt depth and enhancement of disaccharide digestion and monosaccharide absorption, in piglets fed on cows' whole milk after weaning. Br. J. Nutr., 76: 409-422.
Potten, C.S., 1998. Stem cells in the gastrointestinal epithelium: Numbers, characteristics and death. Phil. Trans: Biol. Sci., 353: 821-830.
Rembacken, B.J., A.M. Snelling, P.M. Hawkey, D.M. Chalmers and A.T.R. Axon, 1999. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: A randomised trial. Lancet, 354: 635-639.
Sakamoto, K., H. Hirose, A. Onizuka, M. Hayashi, N. Futamura, Y. Kawamura and T. Ezaki, 2000. Quantitative study of changes in intestinal morphology and mucus gel on total parenteral nutrition in rats. J. Surg. Res., 94: 99-106.
Samanya, M. and K.E. Yamauchi, 2002. Histological alterations of intestinal villi in chickens fed dried Bacillus subtilis var. natto. Comparat. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integrat. Physiol., 133: 95-104.
Samli, H.E., N. Senkoylu, F. Koc, M. Kanter and A. Agma, 2007. Effects of Enterococcus faecium and dried whey on broiler performance, gut histomorphology and intestinal microbiota. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 61: 42-49.
SAS, 2002. SAS/STAT User's Guide: Release 9.03 Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC., USA.
Sklan, D., 2001. Development of the digestive tract of poultry. World's Poult. Sci. J., 57: 415-428.
De los Santos, F.S., A.M. Donoghue, M.B. Farnell, G.R. Farnell, G.R. Huff, W.E. Huff and D.J. Donoghue, 2007. Gastrointestinal maturation is accelerated in turkey poults supplemented with a mannan-oligosaccharide yeast extract (Alphamune). Poult. Sci., 86: 921-930.
Specian, R.D. and M.G. Oliver, 1991. Functional biology of intestinal goblet cells. Am. J. Physiol., 260: C183-C193.
Thwaites, R.T. and J.A. Frost, 1999. Drug resistance in Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli and C. lari isolated from humans in North West England and Wales, 1997. J. Clin. Pathol., 52: 812-814.
Teo, A.Y. and H.M. Tan, 2007. Evaluation of the performance and intestinal gut microflora of broilers fed on corn-soy diets supplemented with Bacillus subtilis PB6 (CloSTAT). J. Applied Poult. Res., 16: 296-303.
Uni, Z., A. Geyra, H. Ben-Hur and D. Sklan, 2000. Small intestinal development in the young chick: Crypt formation and enterocyte proliferation and migration. Br. Poult. Sci., 41: 544-551.
Uni, Z., A. Smirnov and D. Sklan, 2003. Pre- and posthatch development of goblet cells in the broiler small intestine: Effect of delayed access to feed. Poult. Sci., 82: 320-327.
Van de Bogaard, A.E. and E.E. Stobberingh, 2000. Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics: Links between animals and humans. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 14: 327-335.
Vimal, D.B., M. Khullar, S. Gupta and N.K. Ganguly, 2000. Intestinal mucins: The binding sites for Salmonella typhimurium. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 204: 107-117.
Yason, C.V., B.A. Summers and K.A. Schat, 1987. Pathogenesis of rotavirus infection in various age groups of chickens and turkeys: Pathology. Am. J. Vet. Res., 48: 927-938.
Wehkamp, J., J. Harder, K. Wehkamp, B.W.V. Meissner and M. Schlee et al., 2004. NF-κB- and AP-1-mediated induction of human β defensin-2 in intestinal epithelial cells by Escherichia coli Nissle 1917: A novel effect of a probiotic bacterium. Infect. Immunity, 72: 5750-5758.
Zulkifli, I., N. Abdullah, N.M. Azrin and Y.W. Ho, 2000. Growth performance and immune response of two commercial broiler strains fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress conditions. Br. Poult. Sci., 41: 593-597.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
