Determination of Metabolizable Energy of Rich Unsaturated Fatty Acids Dry-Fat in Chicken Diets Using Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Methods
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2013.666.675Keywords:
Dry fat, metabolizable energy, polyfatAbstract
Two biological experiments were conducted to determine apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) of rich unsaturated fatty acids dry-fat (Polyfat® as an example, PF) using corn or corn-soybean meal diets with different inclusion levels of PF in adult cockerel diets. The biological experiments designed to follow procedures of excreta total collection method (TCM). The chemical evaluation of PF included determination of peroxide No., acid No., fatty acid profile and gross energy. Then different mathematical equations were applied to calculate AME of PF based on the chemical evaluation. The determined values of AME of PF using chemical methods were 7160 and 7188 kcal/kg for PF. Among biological experiments, using restricted quantity of corn diet with high levels of PF (25 or 50% of diet) resulted in lower AME values (4724 and 3992kcal/kg PF). While applying ad libitium consumption of corn-soybean practical diet containing 3% soybean oil (as reference oil), 3.8% of PF or 50:50 mixture of both (1.5% SO+1.9% PF), gave more realistic value of 6973 kcal/kg for PF. Mixing PF with soybean oil showed clear synergism effect and added caloric value of 9.6% (737 kcal) to the mixture above the expected value. Applying simple regression procedures on results of chemical and biological evaluations showed highly significant (p<0.001) relationships between AME of PF and either digestible fat, dietary saturated fatty acids (%) or supplemental stearic acid (%) in diet. These relationships have been presented as high confidant prediction equations with r2 values ranged between 0.9355 and 0.9997.
References
Allen, L.K., 1982. Calcium bioavailability and absorption: A review. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr., 35: 783-808.
Alzueta, C., L.T. Ortiz, M.L. Rodriguez, A. Rebole and J. Trevino, 2007. Effect of dietary inclusion of high-oleic acid sunflower seed on the utilization of crude palm oil by broiler chickens. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 16: 214-224.
Blanch, A., A.C. Barroeta, M.D. Baucells and F. Puchal, 1995. The nutritive value of dietary fats in relation to their chemical composition. Apparent fat availability and metabolizable energy in two-week-old chicks. Poult. Sci., 74: 1335-1340.
Boulos, N.Z., A.M. Abdel-Khalek, N.A. Selim, M. Shabaan, N.L. Radwan and S.M. Mobarez, 2011. Improving the utilization of dry fat in broiler diets during summer season. Proceedings of the 20th European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat, September 4-8, 2011, Germany.
Brink, E.J., E. Haddeman, N.J. de Fouw and J.A. Westetrate, 1995. Positional distribution of stearic acid and oleic acid in triacylglycerol and dietary calcium concentration determines the apparent absorption of these fatty acids in rats. J. Nutr., 125: 2379-2387.
Dale, N.M. and H.I. Fuller, 1982. True metabolizable energy of fats at low level dietary inclusion. Poult. Sci., 61: 2415-2420.
Danicke, S., H. Jeroch, W. Bottcher and O. Simon, 2000. Interaction between dietary fat type and enzyme supplementation in broiler diets with high pentosan contents: Effects on precaecal and total tract digestibility of fatty acids, metabolizability of gross energy, digesta viscosity and weights of small intestine. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 84: 279-294.
Dewi, G.A., P.A. Astawa and I.K. Sumadi, 2011. Effect of inclusion calcium-palm fatty acid (Ca-PFA) on growth performance and profile of body fatty acid of broiler. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric., 36: 55-60.
Fedde, M.R., P.E. Waibel and R.E. Burger, 1960. Factors affecting the absorbability of certain dietary fats in the chick. J. Nutr., 70: 447-452.
Freeman, C.P., 1984. The Digestion, Absorption and Transport of Fats-Non-Ruminants. In: Fats in Animal Nutrition, Wiseman, J. (Ed.). Butterworths, London, pp: 105-122.
Garrett, R.L. and J. Young, 1975. Effect of micelle formation on the absorption of neutral fat and fatty acids by the chicken. J. Nutr., 105: 827-833.
Hakansson, J., 1974. Factors affecting the digestibility of fats and fatty acids in chicks and hens. Swed. J. Agric. Res., 4: 33-47.
Halloran, H.R. and I.R. Sibbald, 1979. Metabolizable energy values of fats measured by several procedures. Poult. Sci., 58: 1299-1307.
Ketels, E. and G. de Groote, 1988. The nutritional value for broilers of fats characterized by short-chain fatty acids as affected by level of inclusion and age. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 22: 105-118.
Ketels, E. and G. De Groote, 1989. Effect of ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of the dietary lipid fraction on utilization and metabolizable energy of added fats in young chicks. J. Poult. Sci., 68: 1506-1512.
Ketels, E.G., G. Huyghebaert and G. de Groote, 1986. The nutritional value of commercial fat blends in broiler diets, 2. Effect of the incorporation level on the fatty acids utilization. Arch. Gefluegelkd., 51: 65-69.
Labib, A.I., A.S. Hamza and F.E. Abdelsalam, 2005. Metaboilzable energy in poultry feeds, Methodolgy of determination and factors affecting its value. Technical Bullent No. 2, Centeral Lab of Food and Feed (CLFF), Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture.
Lall, S.P. and S.J. Slinger, 1973. The metabolizable energy content of rapeseed oils and rapeseed oil foots and the effect of blending with other fats. Poult. Sci., 52: 143-151.
Leeson, S. and J. Summers, 1976. . Fat metabolizable energy values: The effect of fatty acid saturation. Feedstuffs, 48: 26-28.
Lessire, M., B. Lecclercq, L. Conan and J.M. Hallouis, 1985. A methodological study on the relationship between the metabolizable energy values of two meat meals and their level of inclusion in the diet. Poult. Sci., 64: 1721-1728.
Mateos, G.G. and J.L. Sell, 1980. Influence of carbohydrate and supplemental fat source on the metabolizable energy of the diet. Poult. Sci., 59: 2129-2135.
Mateos, G.G. and J.L. Sell, 1981. Nature of extametaboilc effect of supplemental fat used in semi-Purified diets for laying hens. Poult. Sci., 60: 1925-1930.
Mendlik, J., I. Kumprecht, P. Zobae and V. Prokop, 1999. The effect of fatty acid calcium salts in diet for chick broilers. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 44: 357-365.
Muztar, A.J., S. Leeson and S.J. Slinger, 1981. Effect of blending and level of inclusion on the metabolizable energy of tallow and tower rapeseed soapstocks. Poult. Sci., 60: 365-372.
Palic, D., D. Okanovic, D. Psodorov, N. Dzinic, S. Lilic, V. Zekic and D. Milic, 2012. Prediction of metabolisable energy of poultry feeds by estimating in vitro organic matter digestibility. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11: 7313-7317.
Patton, J.S. and M.C. Cary, 1979. Watching fat digestion. Science, 204: 145-148.
Renner, R. and F.W. Hill, 1960. The utilization of corn oil, lard and tallow by chicks of various ages. Poult. Sci., 39: 849-854.
SAS, 1990. SAS/STAT User's Guide: Statistics, Release 6.04. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
Scott, M.L., M.G. Nesheim and R.J. Young, 1976. Feedstuffs Fro Poultry: Nutrition of the Chicken. 2nd Edn., ML. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York.
Shiau, Y., 1987. Lipid Digestion and Absorption. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Johnson, L.R. (Ed.). Vol. 2, Raven Press, New York, pp: 269-299.
Sibbald, I.R., 1976. A bioassay for true metabolizable energy in feedingstuffs. Poult. Sci., 55: 303-308.
Sibbald, I.R., 1978. The true metabolizable energy values of mixtures of tallow with either soybean oil or lard. Poult. Sci., 57: 473-477.
Sibbald, I.R. and K. Price, 1977. The effect of level of dietary inclusion and calcium on the true metabolizable energy values of fats. Poult. Sci., 56: 2070-2078.
Sibbald, I.R. and J.K.G. Kramer, 1980. The effect of the basal diet on the utilization of fat as a source of true metabolizable energy, lipid and fatty acids. Poult. Sci., 59: 316-324.
Sibbald, I.R., J.D. Summers and S.J. Slinger, 1960. Factors effecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. Poult. Sci., 39: 544-556.
Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
Titus, H.W., 1956. Energy values of feedstuffs for poultry. Proceedings of the Semiannual Meeting-AFMA Nutrition Council, November 1956, St. Louis, MO., pp: 10-14.
Titus, K.W., 1971. The Scientific Feeding of Chicken. 5th Edn., The Intrastate Printers and Publishers, Donvlle, Linois.
Wiseman, J., D.J.A. Cole, F.G. Perry, B.G. Vernon and B.C. Cooke, 1986. Apparent metabolizable energy values for fats for broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 27: 1143-1144.
Wiseman, J., F. Salvador and J. Craigon, 1991. Prediction of the apparent metabolizable energy content of fats fed to broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 70: 1527-1533.
Wiseman, J. and F. Salvador, 1991. The influence of free fatty acid content and degree of saturation on the apparent metabolizable energy value of fats fed to broilers. Poult. Sci., 70: 573-582.
Young, R.J., 1961. The energy value of fats and fatty acids for chicks I. Metabolizable energy. Poult. Sci., 40: 1225-1235.
Young, R.J. and R.L. Garrett, 1963. Effect of oleic and linoleic acids on the absorption of saturated fatty acids in the chick. J. Nutr., 81: 321-329.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
