Energy Requirement for Maintenance and Egg Production for Broiler Breeder Hens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.913.920Keywords:
Broiler breeders, energy efficiency, metabolizable energy, modeling, tamoxifenAbstract
Mathematical modeling is an accounting tool that can be used for predicting the nutritional requirements for poultry with different genetic strains, environments and stages of meat gain or egg production. Models are also useful for describing or predicting the animal’s production process. Modeling the daily ME requirement of broiler breeder hens requires partitioning Metabolizable Energy (ME) requirements into maintenance, egg mass and body weight gain. Determining the daily energy requirement for maintenance and egg production in breeders requires separating the daily energy needs for egg production from energy needs of maintenance. The objective of the research reported herein was: 1.) to obtain information about body tissue changes and egg composition for breeders being fed specific intakes of ME in a set environment and 2.) to evaluate a technique for partitioning the Metabolizable Energy (ME) requirement into maintenance and production for each individual breeder. An estrogen antagonist, TAMOXIFEN ([Z]-1-1[p-Dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl]-1,2-diphenyhl-1butene) (TAM), was used to separate the ME needs into two periods: laying and non-laying. Broiler breeder hens were provided TAM to stop egg production and their individual ME requirement for maintenance determined. Each broiler breeder resumed egg production when TAM was withdrawn and the ME requirement for egg production and BW gain determined. The estimated ME required for maintenance for breeders (MEm) housed in a constant 21C was 98.3 kcal/kgBW0.75, MEg for gain was 5.6 kcal/g and MEe for egg mass was 2.4 kcal/g. The energy efficiencies for protein gain (kp), fat gain (kf) and egg calories (ke) were 34%, 79% and 65.7%, respectively. The use of TAM provided an opportunity to estimate breeder maintenance requirements and reduce the interdependence in estimating factorial coefficients while partitioning production energy.
References
AOAC., 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA.
AOAC, 1995. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA., USA., pp: 1-4, 17.
Attia, Y.A., W.H. Burke, K.A. Yamani and L.S. Jensen, 1995. Daily energy allotments and performance of broiler breeders. 2 Females. Poult. Sci., 74: 261-270.
Balnave, D., 1974. Energy Requirements of Poultry. In: Biological Factors Affecting Energy Expenditure, Morris, T.R. and B.M. Freeman (Eds.). British Poultry Science Ltd., Edinburgh, pp: 25-46.
Boekholt, H.A., V.V.A.M. Schreurs and R.A.H.M.T. Doeschate, 1997. Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. In: Partitioning of Energy in Protein and Fat Retention at Increasing Energy Intakes in Growing Animals, McCracken, K., E.F. Unsworth and A.R.G. Wylie (Eds.). CAB International, Wallingford, UK., pp: 327-334.
Byerly, T.C., J.W. Kessler, R.M. Gous and O.P. Thomas, 1980. Feed requirements for egg production hens. Poult. Sci., 59: 2500-2507.
Chwaliboga, A., 1991. Energetics of animal production. Acta Agric. Scand., 41: 147-160.
Chwalibog, A. and R.L. Baldwin, 1995. Systems to predict the energy and protein requirements of laying fowl. World's Poult. Sci. J., 51: 187-196.
Cobb-Vantress, 2008. Cobb 500 Broiler Breeder Management Guide. Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR., USA.
Emmans, G.C., 1974. Energy Requirements of Poultry. In: The Effect of Temperature on Performance of Laying Hens, Morris, T.R. and B.M. Freeman (Eds.). Br. Poultry Sci. Ltd., Edinburgh, pp: 79-90.
Freund, R.J. and W.J. Wilson, 1997. Statistical Methods. Academic Press, San Diego, CA., pp: 235-242.
Fuller, H.L., N.M. Dale and C.F. Smith, 1983. Comparison of heat production of chickens measured by energy balance and by gaseous exchange. J. Nutr., 113: 1403-1408.
Grimbergen, A.H.M., 1974. Energy Expenditure Under Productive Conditions. In: Energy Requirements of Poultry, Morris, T.R. and B.M. Freeman (Eds.). Br. Poultry Sci. Ltd., Edinburgh, pp: 61-71.
Jaccoby, S., N. Snapir, I. Rozenboim, E. Arnon, R. Meidan and B. Robinzon, 1992. Tamoxifen advances puberty in the White Leghorn hen. Br. Poult. Sci., 33: 101-111.
Jadhao, S.B., C.M. Tiwari, Chandramoni and M.Y. Khan, 1999. Energy requirement of Rhode Island Red hens for maintenance by slaughter technique. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 12: 1085-1089.
Johnson, R.J. and D.J. Farrell, 1983. Energy metabolism of groups of broiler breeders in open-circuit respiration chambers. Br. Poult. Sci., 24: 439-453.
Leeson, S. and J.D. Summers, 2000. Broiler Breeder Production. University Books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Leeson, S., 2003. Broiler breeder nutrition: What's new and what challenges do we face. Proceedings of the University of Maryland 50th Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers and 1st Mid Atlantic Nutrition Conference, March 27-28, 2003, College Park, MD., USA., pp: 59-63.
Luitinga, P., 1990. Genetic variation of energy partitioning in laying hens: Causes of variation in residual feed consumption. World's Poult. Sci. J., 46: 133-152.
Mayes, P.A., 2000. Harper's Review of Biochemistry. In: Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones, Murray, R.K., D.K. Granner and V.W. Rodwell (Eds.). McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, USA., pp: 653-661.
McDonald, M.W., 1978. Feed intake of laying hens. World's Poult. Sci. J., 34: 209-221.
Mendenhall, W. and T. Sincich, 2003. A Second Course in Statistics: Regression Analysis. Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey, USA.
NRC., 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 9780309048927, Pages: 176.
Neuman, S.L., R.H. Harms and G.B. Russell, 1998. An innovative change in energy restriction for broiler breeder hens. J. Applied Poult. Res., 7: 328-335.
Pearson, R.A. and K.M. Herron, 1982. Relationship between energy and protein intakes and laying characteristics in individually-caged broiler breeder hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 23: 145-159.
Rabello, C.B.V., N.K. Sakomura, C.R. Pacheco, K.T. Resende and F.A. Longo, 2000. Prediction equation of metabolizable energy requirements for broiler breeders. Proceedings of the 21 World's Poultry Congress, August 20-24, 2000, Montreal, Canada.
Rabello, C.B., N.K. Sakomura, F.A. Longo, H.P. Couto, C.R. Pacheco and J.B.K. Fernades, 2006. Modeling energy utilisation in broiler breeder hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 47: 622-631.
Romero, L.F., M.J. Zuidhof, R.A. Renema, F.E. Robinson and A. Naeima, 2009. Nonlinear mixed models to study metabolizable energy utilization in broiler breeder hens. Poult. Sci., 88: 1310-1320.
Romero, L.F., M.J. Zuidhof, R.A. Renema, A. Naeima and F.E. Robinson, 2009. Characterization of energetic efficiency in adult broiler breeder hens. Poult. Sci., 88: 227-235.
Sakomura, N.K., H.S. Rostagno, S.A. Torres and J.B. Fonseca, 1993. Temperature effect on feed intake and metabolizable energy for broiler breeders. Revista de Sociedade Brasileira Zootecnia, 22: 707-714.
Sakomura, N.K., R. Silva, H.P. Couto, C. Coon and C.R. Pacheco, 2003. Modeling metabolizable energy utilization in broiler breeder pullets. Poult. Sci., 82: 419-427.
Sakomura, N.K., 2001. Subject: Revision of models to determine the energetic requirements for broiler breeders, commercial layers and broilers. Avicultura Industrial. http://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/ site/dinamica.asp?id=1819&tipo_tabela=cet&categoria=nutricao.
Sakomura, N.K., L. Hauschild, E.P. Silva and J.A. Araujo, 2011. Factorial Model to estimate poultry nutrition requirements. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Nutritional Requirements of Poultry and Swine, October 5-7, 2011, Vicosa, Brazil.
Salas, C., R.D. Ekmay, J. England, S. Cerrate and C.N. Coon, 2010. Energy requirement of broiler breeder hens with different body weights. Proceedings of the EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism, September 6-10, 2010, Italy Netherlands, pp: 635-636.
SAS, 1999. SAS/STAT User's Guide. Version 8 for Windows. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.
SAS, 2000. SAS/STAT User's Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC., USA.
Scott, T.A. and D. Balnave, 1991. Influence of temperature, dietary energy, nutrient concentration and self-selection feeding on the retention of dietary energy, protein and calcium by sexually-maturing egg-laying pullets. Br. Poult. Sci., 32: 1005-1016.
Spratt, R.S. and S. Leeson, 1987. Broiler breeder performance in response to diet protein and energy. Poult. Sci., 66: 683-693.
Spratt, R.S., H.S. Bayley, B.W. McBride and S. Leeson, 1990. Energy metabolism of broiler breeder hens. 1. The partition of dietary energy intake. Poult. Sci., 69: 1339-1347.
Sun, J.M., M.P. Richards, R.W. Rosebrough, C.M. Ashwell, J.P. McMurtry and C.N. Coon, 2006. The relationship of body composition, feed intake and metabolic hormones for broiler breeder females. Poult. Sci., 85: 1173-1184.
Sun, J. and C.N. Coon, 2005. The effects of body weight, dietary fat and feed withdrawal rate on the performance of broiler breeders. J. Applied Poult. Res., 14: 728-739.
Waldroup, P.W., Z. Johnson and W.D. Russel, 1976. Estimating daily nutrient requirement for broiler breeder hens. Feedstuffs, 48: 19-20.
Webster, A.J.F., 1989. Energy Utilization During Growth and Reproduction. In: Energy Metabolism in Farm Animals, Van der Honing, Y. and W.H. Close (Ed.). EAAP, Wageningen, Netherlands, pp: 85-88.
Wenk, C., 1997. Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. In: Growth (Summary of the Discussion), McCracken, K., E.F. Unsworth and A.R.G. Wylie (Eds.). CAB International, Wallingford, UK., pp: 265-267.
Zhang, B. and C.N. Coon, 1997. Modeling Metabolizable Energy Utilization in Laying Hens. In: Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, McCracken, K.J., E.F. Unsworth and A.R.G. Wylie (Eds.). CAB International, New York, USA., pp: 89-92.
Pearson, R.A. and K.M. Herron, 1981. Effects of energy and protein allowances during lay on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 22: 227-239.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2011 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
