The TMEn, Proximate Analysis, Amino Acid Content and Amino Acid Digestibility of Glandless and Commercial Cottonseed Meal for Broilers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2013.212.216Keywords:
Amino acid digestibility, broilers, cottonseed meal, gossypol, TMEnAbstract
Cotton seed meal (CSM) is an alternative ingredient in poultry diets but its use is limited due to the presence of gossypol and the potential effects of gossypol on digestibility of nutrients. Glandless cottonseed is available and contains very low gossypol but there has been a limited amount of poultry nutritional studies completed with glandless cottonseed meal (GCSM). The TMEn, proximate analysis, amino acid content and amino acid (AA) digestibility of a glandless (GCSM) and a commercial (CCSM) cottonseed meal were determined with broilers. Thirty 42-day old Cobb 500 male broilers were precision-fed 30g of CCSM, GCSM and glucose and excreta collected during a 48 h period. Glucose was fed to serve as a control (no nitrogen or AA content). The chemical composition, gossypol content, True metabolizable energy (TMEn) and digestibility coefficients for AA were calculated for both meals. The crude protein and fat content of GCSM was higher than the CCSM (54 and 51%, 6 and 2%, respectively). Both meals were similar in calcium, total phosphorus and phytic acid contents. The CCSM had a higher content of total and free gossypol (1.52 and 0.161%, respectively) when compared to GCSM (0.02 and .003%, respectively). The TMEn for the GCSM provided approximately one thousand kcal more per energy/ kg than the CCSM. The essential AA content (g/kg; 90% DM) was determined for both cottonseed meals and was generally higher for GCSM compared to CCSM but both types of CSM contained higher levels of key essential AA than reported values for AA in the literature. The most extreme differences were for methionine and cystine; % methionine content was approximately 2 fold higher than values in the literature and the % cystine was 74 to 93% higher. The true digestibility coefficients for essential AA ranged from the low of 73.9% for isoleucine to 91.8% for arginine, for CCSM; the amino acid digestibility coefficients for GCSM were all higher than 90% for the essential AAs.
References
Abou-Donia, M.B., 1976. Physiological effects and metabolism of gossypol. Res. Rev., 61: 125-160.
AOAC, 1995. Protein (Crude) in Animal Feed (Combustion Method). 16th Edn., Vol. 2. AOAC Official Method 990.03, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
AOAC, 1990. Methods 982.30a, 985.28 and 988.15 for Amino Acid Determination: Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, USA.
AOCS, 1989. Total Free Gossypol: Method Ba 7-58. In: Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists Society, Firestone, D. (Ed.). 4th Edn., American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL.
ANSI/ASTM, 1978. Standard test method for gross caloric value of solid fuel by adiabatic bomb calorimeter. Method D2015-77, ASTM, Philadelphia.
Bailey, C.A., R.D. Stipanovic, M.S. Ziehr, A.U. Haq and M. Sattar et al., 2000. Cottonseed with a high (+)-to (-) gossypol enantiomer ratio favorable to broiler production. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 48: 5692-5695.
Berardi, L.C. and L.A. Goldblatt, 1980. In Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs. 2nd Edn., Academic Press, New York, pp: 211-266.
Blackstaffe, L., M.D. Shelley and R.G. Fish, 1997. Cytotoxicity of gossypol enantiomers ands its quinine metabolite gossypolone in melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res., 7: 364-372.
Cheng, Z.J. and R.W. Hardy, 2002. Apparent digestibility coefficients and nutritional value of cottonseed meal for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 212: 261-372.
Chung, T.K. and D.H. Baker, 1992. Apparent and true amino acid digestibility of a crystalline amino acid mixture and of casein: Comparison of values obtained with ileal-cannulated pigs and cecectomized cockerels. J. Anim. Sci., 70: 3781-3790.
Cosgrove, D.J., 1966. The chemistry and biochemistry of inositol polyposphates. Rev. Pure Applied Chem., 16: 209-224.
Dale, N.M. and H.L. Fuller, 1987. Energy values of alternative feed ingredients. Cooperative Extension Service Special Report No. 319, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA.
Ellis, R., E.R. Morris and C. Philpot, 1977. Quantitative determination of phytate in the presence of high inorganic phosphate. BAnal. Biochem., 77: 536-539.
Fernandez, R.S., Y. Zhang and C.M. Parsons, 1995. Dietary formulation with cottonseed meal on a total amino acid versus a digestible amino acid basis. Poult. Sci., 74: 1168-1179.
Garcia, A.R., A.B. Batal and N.M. Dale, 2007. A comparison of methods to determine amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients for chickens. Poult. Sci., 86: 94-101.
Henry, M.H., G.M. Pesti, R. Bakalli, J. Lee, R.T. Toledo, R.R. Eitenmiller and R.D. Phillips, 2001. The performance of broiler chicks fed diets containing extruded cottonseed meal supplemented with lysine. Poult. Sci., 80: 762-768.
Joseph, A.E., S.A. Matlin and P. Knox, 1986. Cytotoxicity of enantiomers of gossypol. Br. J. Cancer, 54: 511-513.
LaRue, D.C., D.A. Knabe and T.D. Jr. Tanskley, 1985. Commercially processed Glandless Cottonseed meal for starter, grower and finisher swine. J. Anim. Sci., 60: 495-502.
Lemme, A., V. Ravindran and W.L. Bryden, 2004. Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients for broilers. World's Poult. Sci. J., 60: 423-438.
Lordelo, M.M., A.J. Davis, M.C. Calhoun, M.K. Dowd and N.M. Dale, 2005. Relative toxicity of gossypol enantiomers in broilers. Poult. Sci., 84: 1376-1382.
Lusas, E.W. and G.M. Jividen, 1987. Glandless Cottonseed: A Review of the first 25 years of processing and utilization research. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 64: 839-854.
Nagalakshmi, D., S.V. Rama Rao, A.K. Panda and V.R.B. Sastry, 2007. Cottonseed meal in poultry diets: A review. J. Poult. Sci., 44: 119-134.
NRC., 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Nwokolo, E.N. and D.B. Bragg, 1977. Influence of phytic acid and crude fibre on the availability of minerals from four protein supplements in growing chicks. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 57: 475-477.
Ravindran, V., L.I. Hew, G. Ravindran and W.L. Bryden, 1999. A comparison of ileal digesta and excreta analysis for the determination of amino acid digestibility in food ingredients for poultry Br. Poult. Sci., 40: 266-274.
Ravindran, V., S. Cabahug, G. Ravindran and W.L. Bryden, 1999. Influence of microbial phytase on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of feedstuffs for broilers. Poult. Sci., 78: 699-706.
Rostagno, H.S., J.M.R. Pupa and M. Pack, 1995. Diet formulation for broilers based on total versus digestible amino acids. J. Applied Poult. Res., 4: 293-299.
Selle, P.H., V. Ravindran, R.A. Caldwell and W.L. Bryden, 2000. Phytate and phytase: Consequences for protein utilisation. Nutr. Res. Rev., 13: 255-278.
Selle, P.H. and V. Ravindran, 2007. Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 135: 1-41.
Sibbald, I.R., 1976. A bioassay for true metabolizable energy in feedingstuffs. Poult. Sci., 55: 303-308.
Sibbald, I.R., 1986. The T.M.E. system of feed evaluation: Methodology, feed composition data and bibiliography. Technical bulletin 1986-4E, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.
Thacker, P.A. and R.N. Kirkwood, 1990. Cottonseed Meal. In: Nontraditional Feed Sources for Use in Swine Production, Thacker, P.A. and R.N. Kirkwood (Eds.). CRC Press, USA.
Vargas, E. and M.V. Lobo, 1992. Fosforo fitico en materias primas de origen vegetal usadas en la alimentacion animal en Costa Rica. Agronomia Costarricense, 16: 139-143.
Wang, N.G., L.F. Zhou, M.H. Guan and H.P. Lei, 1987. Effect of (-)- and (+)-gossypol on fertility in male rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 20: 21-24.
Watkins, S.E., J.T. Skinner, M.H. Adams and P.W. Waldroup, 1993. An evaluation of low-gossypol cottonseed meal in diets for broiler chickens 1. Effect of cottonseed meal level and lysine supplementation. J. Applied Poult. Res., 2: 221-226.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
