Using Physical and Chemical Methods to Improve the Nutrient Quality of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel for Use as Feed for Laying Hens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2018.51.56Keywords:
Crude fiber, dragon fruit peel, feed for laying hens, soaking, steamingAbstract
Background and Objective: The processing of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) into a food product leaves fruit peel waste, which is a potential feed for laying hens. Dragon fruit peel contains phytochemical compounds such as anthocyanins, beta-carotene and lycopene, which are reported to have antioxidant functions and to lower cholesterol in blood serum. Previous study showed that the problem with using dragon fruit peel as feed for laying hens was due to its high content of crude fiber, which inhibited the amount of its utilization in the poultry diet and lowered its phytochemical absorption in the digestive tract. Physical and chemical methods, such as steaming and soaking in acid solution, could reportedly degrade and lower the crude fiber content in feed containing high levels of crude fiber. The goal of this study was to evaluate the nutrient content of dragon fruit peel, particularly its crude fiber content, after processing with physical and chemical methods, to determine its use in feed for laying hens. Materials and Methods: The dragon fruit peels in this experiment were collected from local restaurants in Indonesia. The experiment consisted of 2 parts. In part one, dragon fruit peels were steamed in boiling water at a temperature of 98°C. It was performed in a completely randomized design, with different steaming times (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min) and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Then the dry matter, crude fiber and crude protein were measured. In the second part, the dragon fruit peels were treated by soaking in 7.5% acetic acid (pH 4). The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with different soaking times (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h) and each treatment was replicated 4 times. The dry matter, crude fiber and crude protein were measured. Results: The experiment showed that both the physical and chemical methods highly significantly reduced the crude fiber content of dragon fruit peel (p<0.01) but did not significantly affect the dry matter or protein content of dragon fruit peel (p>0.05). Conclusion: Processing dragon fruit peels by using a physical method (steaming for 20 min) and a chemical method (soaking in acetic acid solution for 4 h) lowered the crude fiber content in dragon fruit peel from 24.01-19.81% and from 24.01-20.39%, respectively, without altering the protein and dry matter content of dragon fruit peel.
References
Rizal, Y., M.E. Mahata, M. Andriani and G. Wu, 2010. Utilization of juice wastes as corn replacement in the broiler diet. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9: 886-889.
Mahata, M.E., M.J. Sasti, R.S. Aryani, Y. Rizal and G. Wu, 2013. The effect of Improved Juice Wastes Mixture (IJWM) for corn substitution on broiler's performance. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12: 102-106.
Mahata, M.E., J. Manik, M. Taufik, Y. Rizal and Ardi, 2016. Effect of different combinations of unboiled and boiled tomato waste in diet on performance, internal organ development and serum lipid profile of broiler chicken. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 15: 283-286.
Mahata, M.E., Y. Rizal, Ardi, D. Hermansyah and G.A. Nurhuda, 2016. Effects of boiled tomato waste utilization in the diet on serum lipid profile and egg quality of laying-hens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 15: 493-496.
Adrizal, Y. Heryandi and M.E. Mahata, 2017. Evaluation of pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr] waste fermented using different local microorganism solutions as poultry feed. Pak. J. Nutr., 16: 84-89.
Bakar, J., C.E. Shu, S. Muhammad, S. Kharidah and D.M. Hashim, 2011. Physico-chemical characteristics of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel. Int. Food Res. J., 18: 279-285.
Mahlil, Y., 2015. Pengaruh penggunaan tepung kulit buah naga daging merah (Hylocereus polirhizus) dalam ransum terhadap profil lemak darah broiler. [The effect of dragon fruit peel powder (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in diet on broiler blood lipid profile]. Master's Thesis, Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Andalas, Padang.
Wahyu, 2010. Panen dan Pascapanen Buah Naga (Dragon fruit). http://blog.umy.ac.id/renidesmayanti/pertanian/%20panen-dan-pascapanen-buah-naga/.
Mahata, M.E., Y. Mahlil, Y. Fajri, R. Aditiya and Y. Rizal, 2015. The utilization of red dargon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel as broiler feed: Abstract summary. Faculty of Animal Science, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.
Lewis, G.F. and D.J. Rader, 2005. New insights into the regulation of HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Circ. Res., 9: 1221-1232.
Anggraeni, C.L., 2010. Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol ketan hitam (Oryza sativa Linn. var. glutinosa) terhadap kadar LDL dan HDL tikus yang diberi minyak goreng bekas pakai. [The effect of black glutinous ethanol extract (Oryza sativa Linn. Var. Glutinosa) against LDL and HDL rats provided used cooking oil]. Master's Thesis, Universitas Jember.
Wulandari, M., 2011. Efektifitas penggunaan limbah kulit buah naga (Hylocereus undatus) dalam ransum sebagai alternatif suplemen alami untuk meningkatkan kualitas telur ayam komersil. [Effectiveness of using dragon fruit peel waste (Hylocereus undatus) in rations as alternative natural supplements to improve the quality of commercial chicken eggs]. http://mahaw08.student.ipb.ac.id/2011/12/07/.
Mirzah, M., 2006. Efek pemanasan limbah udang yang direndam dalam air abu sekam terhadap kandungan nutrisi dan energi metabolis pakan. [Effect of heating of shrimps waste soaked in rice hull filtrate to nutrition and energy metabolic feed]. J. Peternakan, 3: 47-54.
Mahata, M.E., Y. Rizal and G. Wu, 2012. Improving the nutrient quality of juice waste mixture by steam pressure for poultry diet. Pak. J. Nutr., 11: 172-175.
Ibrahim, M.M., 1983. Physical, chemical, physico-chemical and biological treatments of crops residues: An overviews. Proceedings of the 1st Workshop Affair, May 18-21, 1981, Los Banos, pp: 78-80.
Bolsen, K.K., 1993. Prinsip Dasar Silase [Basic Principal of Silage]. In: [Pioner Seeds], Bahasa, A., S. Rini and Martoyoedo (Eds.)., Teknologi Silase, Dalam, Indonesia. (In Indonesian).
AOAC., 1990. Official Methods of Analisys of AOAC International. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, DC., USA.
Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1991. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika [Principal and Statistical Procedure]. Diterjemahkan oleh Bambang Sumantri, PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Marjuki, 2013. Metode pengolahan limbah untuk pakan ternak [Wastes processing method to animal feed]. Master's Thesis, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang.
Hart, M.R., H.G. Walker, Jr., R.P. Graham, P.J. Hanni, A.H. Brown and G.O. Kohler, 1980. Steam treatment of crop residues for increased ruminant digestibility. I. Effects of process parameters. J. Anim. Sci., 51: 402-408.
Pearce, G.R., 1982. Plant cell wall structure and the effect of pre-treatment on digestibility of fibrous residue. Proceedings of the of the FAO/ILCA Workshop, September 21-25, 1982, Dakar, Sinegal.
Doyle, P.T., C. Devendra and B.R. Pearce, 1986. Rice Straw as a Feed for Ruminant. IDP., Canberra, pp: 54-74.
Nathan, G.F.K., D.K. Hau, J. Nulik, J.I. Manafe and D. Amalo, 1997. Sifat fisik dan komposisi kimia standing hay rumput kume yang diolah dengan cuka makanan dan urea. [Physical Properties and chemical composition standing hay kume grass processed with vinegar food and urea]. Fakultas Peternakan-Universitas Nusa Cendana, Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian. Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timor.
Onyeike, E.N., E.A. Anyalogbu and M.O. Monanu, 2015. Effect of heat processing on the proximate composition and energy values of African walnut (Plukenetia conophora) and African Elemi (Canarium schweinfurthii) consumed as masticatories in Nigeria. Int. J. Scient. Technol. Res., 4: 295-301.
Okibe, F.G., B. Jubril, E.D. Paul, G.A. Shallangwa and Y.A. Dallatu, 2016. Effect of cooking methods on proximate and mineral composition of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaves. Int. J. Biochem. Res. Rev., 9: 1-7.
Martinson, K., H. Jung, M. Hathaway and C. Sheaffer, 2012. The effect of soaking on carbohydrate removal and dry matter loss in orchardgrass and alfalfa hays. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 32: 332-338.
Collins, J., 2015. The effect of hay type and soaking on glycemic response in horse. Master's Thesis, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
Udensi, E.A., N.U. Arisa and E. Ikpa, 2010. Effects of soaking and boiling and autoclaving on nutritional quality of Mucuna flagellipes (Ukpo). Afr. J. Biochem. Res., 4: 47-50.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
