Immersion of Sargassum binderi Seaweed in River Water Flow to Lower Salt Content before Use as Feed for Laying Hens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2018.22.27Keywords:
Bioactive compound, feed for laying hens, immersion in flowing water, organic matter, Sargassum binderiAbstract
Background and Objective: In certain coastal areas of Indonesia, Sargassum binderi drifts to the shore because of ocean waves and because people do not use it, becomes useless waste. This seaweed could potentially be used as feed for laying hens because certain bioactive compounds in seaweed, such as alginate, fucoidan, fucoxanthin and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are useful for poultry health. High salt content is a problem with using Sargassum binderi as poultry feed because it causes diarrhea and death in poultry. Therefore, the salt content of Sargassum binderi should be reduced before it is fed to poultry. The purpose of this study was to reduce the salt content of Sargassum binderi for use as feed for laying hens. Materials and Methods: The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with Sargassum binderi immersed in flowing river water for durations of 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 19, 21 and 23 h, each treatment was repeated 3 times. The measured variables were salt, crude protein, total dry matter, organic matter and ash. Results: The results showed that the different immersion durations of Sargassum binderi in flowing river water significantly affected (p<0.05) the reduction of salt, total dry matter and ash content and also significantly affected (p<0.05) the increase in organic matter and crude protein. Conclusion: The immersion of Sargassum binderi in flowing river water for 15 h was the best treatment to lower salt, total dry matter and ash and to increase the organic matter and crude protein content.
References
Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, 2011. [Maritime affairs and fisheries in rate of 2011]. Pusat Data Statistik and Informasi, Indonesia, (In Indonesian).
Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Budidaya, 2013. [Warta export: The seaweed of Indonesia's oceans]. Ditjen PEN/MJL/004/9/2013, Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Budidaya, Indonesia, (In Indonesian).
Kadi, A., 2004. [Potential of seaweed in Indonesia waters]. Oseana, 24: 25-36, (In Indonesian).
Mubarak, H., A. Sulistijo, A. Djamali and O.K. Sumadhiharga, 1998. [The Resources of Seaweed]. In: [The Potency and Spreading of Fisheries Resources Indonesia's Oceans], Johanes, W., K.A. Azis, B.E. Priyono, G.H. Tampubolon, N. Naami and A. Djamali (Eds.). Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Jakarta, (In Indonesian).
Mahata, M.E., Y.L. Dewi, M.O. Sativa, S. Riski, Hendro, Zulhaqqi and A. Zahara, 2015. [The potency of brown seaweed from Sungai Nipah Beach as poultry feed]. Penelitian Mandiri Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Andalas, Padang, (In Indonesian).
Song, M.Y., S.K. Ku and J.S. Han, 2012. Genotoxicity testing of low molecular weight fucoidan from brown seaweeds. Food Chem. Toxicol., 50: 790-796.
Synytsya, A., W.J. Kim, S.M. Kim, R. Pohl and A. Synytsya et al., 2010. Structure and antitumour activity of fucoidan isolated from sporophyll of Korean brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida. Carbohydr. Polym., 81: 41-48.
Haugan, J. A., T. Aakemann and S. Liaaen-Jensen, 1995. Example 2: Macroalgae and Microalgae. In: Carotenoid, Volume 1A: Isolation and Analysis, Britton, G., S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander (Eds.). Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, ISBN: 3764329084, pp: 215-226.
Matsuno, T., 2001. Aquatic animal carotenoids. Fish. Sci., 67: 771-783.
Carrillo, S., A. Bahena, M. Casas, M.E. Carranco, C.C. Calvo, E. Avila and F. Perez-Gil, 2012. The alga Sargassum spp. as alternative to reduce egg cholesterol content. Cuban J. Agric. Sci., 46: 181-186.
Pal, A., M.C. Kamthania and A. Kumar, 2014. Bioactive compounds and properties of seaweeds-a review. Open Access Library J., 1: 1-17.
Al-Harthi, M.A. and A.A. El-Deek, 2012. Effect of different dietary concentrations of brown marine algae (Sargassum dentifebium) prepared by different methods on plasma and yolk lipid profiles, yolk total carotene and lutein plus zeaxanthin of laying hens. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., Vol. 11, No. 4.
Ghosh, S., D.L. Klass and D.P. Chynoweth, 1981. Bioconversion of Macrocystis pyrifera to methane. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 31: 791-807.
Moen, E., B. Larsen, K. Ostgaard and A. Jensen, 1999. Alginate stability during high salt preservation of Ascophyllum nodosum. J. Applied Phycol., 11: 21-25.
Berger, L.L., 2006. Salt and Trace Minerals for Livestock, Poultry and Other Animals. Salt Institute, Alexandria, VA.
Zahid, P.B., K. Aisha and A. Ali, 1995. Green seaweed as component of poultry feed. Bangladesh J. Bot., 24: 153-156.
Ventura, M.R., J.I.R. Castanon and J.M. McNab, 1994. Nutritional value of seaweed (Ulva rigida) for poultry. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 49: 87-92.
Ginzberg, A., M. Cohen, U.A. Sod-Moriah, S. Shany, A. Rosenshtrauch and S.M. Arad, 2000. Chickens fed with biomass of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. have reduced blood cholesterol level and modified fatty acid composition in egg yolk. J. Applied Phycol., 12: 325-330.
Zaid, P.B., A. Ali and M.J. Zahid, 2001. Brown seaweed as supplement for broiler feed. Hamdard Medicus, 44: 98-101.
Wisnu, R. and D. Rachmawati, 2005. [Analysis of seaweed (Euchema cotoni) nutrient composition in Karimunjawa Island by different processing of drying]. Laporan Kegiatan, Fakultas Prikanan and Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, (In Indonesian).
Kumar, V.V. and P. Kaladharan, 2007. Amino acids in the seaweeds as an alternate source of protein for animal feed. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 49: 35-40.
El-Deek, A.A. and M.A. Al-Harthi, 2009. Nutritive value of treated brown marine algae in pullet and laying diets. Proceedings of the 19th European Symposium on Quality of Poultry Meat and 13th European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg Products, June 21-25, 2009, Turku, Finland, pp: 1-12.
El-Deek, A.A. and A.M. Brikaa, 2009. Effect of different levels of seaweed in starter and finisher diets in pellet and mash form on performance and carcass quality of ducks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8: 1014-1021.
Ozaki, H., M. Kawahara, R. Nogami, Y. Yamada and H. Takahashi, 2013. Supplemental red alga, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, from a Brackish Japanese Lake, strengthens egg shells and improves the Haugh unit of eggs in laying hens. J. Fish. Livest. Prod., Vol. 2.
The Analysis of Laboratorium of Non Ruminant Nutrition, 2016. The analysis of salt content in Sargassum binderi seaweed. Animal Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia.
Martin, A.N., P. Bustamante and A.H.C. Chun, 1993. Physical Pharmacy: Physical Chemical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD., USA., ISBN-13: 978-0812114386, Pages: 622.
Sudarmadji, S., B. Haryono and Suhardi, 1996. [Analysis of food and agriculture substance]. Liberty Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, (In Indonesian).
AOAC., 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA., Pages: 684.
Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd Edn., McGraw Hill, New York, United States, ISBN-13: 9780070609266, Pages: 633.
Ari, A., 2008. [Bab X water]. Bahan Ajar Kimia Dasar, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, (In Indonesian).
Martinson, K., H. Jung, M. Hathaway and C. Sheaffer, 2012. The effect of soaking on carbohydrate removal and dry matter loss in orchardgrass and alfalfa hays. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 32: 332-338.
Collins, J., 2015. The effect of hay type and soaking on glycemic response in horse. Master's Thesis, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
Kajihausa, O.E., R.A. Fasasi and Y.M. Atolagbe, 2014. Effect of different soaking time and boiling on the proximate composition and functional properties of sprouted sesame seed flour. Niger. Food J., 32: 8-15.
Linsley, R.K., M.A. Kohler, J.L.H. Paulhus and Y. Hermawan, 1996. [Hydrology for Engineers]. Erlangga Publ., Jakarta, Indonesia, (In Indonesian).
Lehninger, A.L., 1982. Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publisher Inc., Maryland, USA., Pages: 1011.
Kloareg, B., M. Demarty and S. Mabeau, 1986. Polyanionic characteristics of purified sulphated homofucans from brown algae. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 8: 380-386.
Horn, S.J., 2000. Bioenergy from brown seaweeds. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Martinson, K.L., M. Hathaway, H. Jung and C. Sheaffer, 2012. The effect of soaking on protein and mineral loss in orchardgrass and alfalfa hay. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 32: 776-782.
Warr, E.M. and J.L. Petch, 1993. Effects of soaking hay on its nutritional quality. Equine Vet. Educ., 5: 169-171.
Mack, S.J., A.H. Dugdale, C.M. Argo, R.A. Morgan and C.M. McGowan, 2014. Impact of water-soaking on the nutrient composition of UK hays. Vet. Rec.
Longland, A.C., C. Barfoot and P.A. Harris, 2011. Effects of soaking on the water-soluble carbohydrate and crude protein content of hay. Vet. Rec., Vol. 168, No. 23.
Nsa, E.E., S.N. Ukachukwu, M.A. Isika and P.O. Ozung, 2011. Effect of boiling and soaking durations on the proximate composition, ricin and mineral contents of undecorticated castor oil seeds (Ricinus communis). Int. J. Plant Anim. Environ. Sci., 1: 244-252.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
