Effect of the Balance of Energy and Protein in Rations Given to Pitalah Ducks along with the Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the Live Weight, Percentage of Carcass, Percentage of Abdominal Fat and Income Over Feed Cost
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2017.500.505Keywords:
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, feed efficiency, Pitalah duck, probiotic, the balance of energy and proteinAbstract
Background and Objective: The Pitalah duck is one of Indonesia’s native ducks that has a uniform physical form and a genetic composition that is well adapted to environmental conditions. However, the Pitalah duck has a high feed conversion, so it is necessary to improve its feed efficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the balance of energy and protein in the diet, which includes a probiotic, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B. amyloliquefaciens), on the performance of the Pitalah duck. Methodology In this study a 3×3 group-randomized factorial design was employed that included 2 factors with 3 groups of body weight as replicates. Factor A is the energy level (E1: 2800, E2: 2700 and E3: 2600 kcal kg–1) and factor B is the protein level (P1: 18, P2: 17 and P3: 16%). Live weight, percentage of carcass, percentage of abdominal fat and income over feed cost were the measured variables. Results: The results showed that the combination of energy level and protein level and an interaction between these factors had a significant impact (p<0.05) on the live weight, percentage of carcass, percentage of abdominal fat and increased income over feed cost. Conclusion: The combination of energy and protein, along with administering 2000 ppm of the probiotic B. amyloliquefaciens, can improve the efficiency of the ration while decreasing the need for duck ration energy by 3.57% and decreasing the protein requirement by 5.56% at an energy level of 2700 kcal kg–1 and 17% protein in the ration.
References
Suharno, B. and K. Amri, 2000. Intensive duck raising. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Scott, M.L. and W.F. Dean, 1991. Nutrition and Management of Ducks. M.L. Scott of Ithaca, New York.
Mountzouris, K.C., P. Tsitrsikos, I. Palamidi, A. Arvaniti, M. Mohnl, G. Schatzmayr and K. Fegeros, 2010. Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins and cecal microflora composition. Poult. Sci., 89: 58-67.
Ramia, I.K., 2000. Supplementation of probiotics in low protein rations on performance of bali duck. Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan, Vol. 3.
Wizna, H.A., Y. Rizal, A. Dharma and I.P. Kompiang, 2009. Improving the quality of tapioca by-products (Onggok) as poultry feed through fermentation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Pak. J. Nutr., 8: 1630-1640.
Wizna, H. Abbas, Y. Rizal, A. Djulardi and H. Muis, 2012. The effect of supplementation of micro nutrient on nutrient rice bran which fermented by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Pak. J. Nutr., 11: 439-443.
Ahmed, S.T., M.M. Islam, H.S. Mun, H.J. Sim, Y.J. Kim and C.J. Yang, 2014. Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a probiotic strain on growth performance, cecal microflora and fecal noxious gas emissions of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 93: 1963-1971.
Lei, X., X. Piao, Y. Ru, H. Zhang, A. Peron and H. Zhang, 2015. Effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based direct-fed microbial on performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphology and cecal microflora in broiler chickens. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 28: 239-246.
Li, Y., H. Zhang, Y.P. Chen, M.X. Yang and L.L. Zhang et al., 2015. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation alleviates immunological stress in lipopolysaccharide-challenged broilers at early age. Poult. Sci., 94: 1504-1511.
Wizna, H.A., Y. Rizal, A. Dharma and I.P. Kompiang, 2007. Selection and identification of cellulase-producing bacteria isolated from the litter of mountain and swampy forest. Microbiol. Indonesia, 1: 135-139.
Parawitan, M., 2009. The effect of probiotic B. amyloliquefaciens on population in small intestine relation of efektivitas rations of laying hens. M.Sc. Thesis, Andalas University, Indonesia.
Zurmiati, Wizna, M.H. Abbas, M.E. Mahata and R. Fauzano, 2017. Effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a probiotic on growth performance parameters of Pitalah ducks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 16: 147-153.
Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1980. Principles and Procedures Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd Edn., McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
Deaton, J.W. and B.D. Lott, 1985. Age and dietary energy effect on broiler chicken. J. Poult. Sci., 70: 1550-1558.
Scott, M.L., Neaheim and R.J. Young, 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. 2nd Edn., M.L. Scott and Associate Ithaca, New York.
Chen, K.L., H.J. Chang, C.K. Yang, S.H. You, H.D. Jenq and B. Yu, 2007. Effect of dietary inclusion of dehydrated food waste products on Taiwan native chicken (Taishi No. 13). Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 20: 754-760.
Kong, C. and O. Adeola, 2010. Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in feedstuffs for White Pekin ducks. Poult. Sci., 89: 545-550.
Huang, K.H., X. Li, V. Ravindran and W.L. Bryden, 2006. Comparison of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of feed Ingredients measured with broilers, layers and roosters. Poult. Sci., 85: 625-634.
Adedokun, S.A., O. Adeola, C.M. Parsons, M.S. Lilburn and T.J. Applegate, 2008. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of plant feedstuffs in broiler chickens and Turkey poults using a nitrogen-free or casein diet. Poult. Sci., 87: 2535-2548.
Hernandez, F., J. Madrid, V. Garcia, J. Orengo and M.D. Megias, 2004. Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility and digestive organ size. Poult. Sci., 83: 169-174.
Leeson, S. and J.D. Summers, 2005. Commercial Poultry Nutrition. 3rd Edn., University Books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, ISBN-13: 9780969560050, Pages: 398.
Fan, H.P., M. Xie, W.W. Wang, S.S. Hou and W. Huang, 2008. Effects of dietary energy on growth performance and carcass quality of white growing Pekin ducks from two to six weeks of age. Poult. Sci., 87: 1162-1164.
Ramia, I.K., 2001. Supplementation of probiotics in ration of low protein on weight and physical composition of carcass. Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan, 3: 82-86.
Soeparno, 2005. Science and Meat Technology. 4th Edn., Gadjah Mada University Press, Yokyakarta.
Pribady, W.A., 2008. Production of goose carcass (Anser cygnoides) at various age of cutting. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Winarti, E., 2007. Treatment of fermentation and evaluation of nutritional value of fiber rich in ration of male ducks age 5-10 weeks. Master's Thesis, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.
Randa, S.Y., 2007. The smell of meat and the performance of ducks due to the influence of different strains and types of fat and the combination of antioxidant compositions (Vitamins A, C and E) in the diet. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indones.
Anggorodi, R., 1985. Advanced progress in science. Feed Poultry, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Setiawan, I. and E. Sujana, 2009. End Weight, pesecentage of carcass and percentage of abdominal fat of broiler harvested at a different age. Proceedings of the Seminar Naisonal Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Padjajaran, October 21, 2009, Bandung.
Subhan, A., E.S. Rohaeni and R. Qomariah, 2009. Influence the use of a combination of steamed sagu and mashed Keong Mas in feed formulation on the performance of male duck Ma age 1-8 week. Proceedings of the Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner, August 13-14, 2009, Kalimantan.
Dewanti, R., M. Irham and Sudiyono, 2013. Influence of use enceng gondok (Eichornia crassipes) fermented in rations on the percentage of carcass, non-carcass and abdominal fat of local male duck 8 weeks old. Buletin Peternakan, 37: 19-25.
Siregar, E., 2002. The effect of flour Tanjung fruit (Mimusops elengi L) in the ration on performance of local rabbits old 8-16 w. M.Sc. Thesis, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.
Amri, M., 2007. Effect fermented palm kernel cage portion in feed of IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio L.). J. Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 9: 71-76.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
