Association and Expression Analyses of the Duck FMO3 Gene in Relation to Fatty Acid Composition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2017.486.493Keywords:
Association, duck, fatty acid composition, FMO3, meat, SNP, PCRAbstract
Background and Objective: Flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is an excellent candidate gene that affects fishy odor and fatty acid composition. It has been reported that down regulation of FMO3 can inhibit fatty acid oxidation. The aim of this study was to investigate the association and expression of the FMO3 gene as a candidate gene for fatty acid composition in Indonesian Cihateup ducks. Methodology: A total of one hundred Indonesian Cihateup ducks were used in this study. Tissues from breast muscles were used for genomic DNA isolation and fatty acid composition analysis. Results: Association analysis showed that the SNP g.849A>G was significantly associated with unsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid) and saturated fatty acids (lauric, palmitic and arachidic acid). Compared to the GG genotype, the AG genotype ducks exhibited greater levels (p<0.05) of lauric acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), linolenic acid (C18:3) and linoleic acid (C18:2, p<0.05) but not pentadecanoic acid (C15:0). Furthermore, to analyze the mRNA expression of FMO3 in liver tissues, the ducks were divided into two groups according to the genotypes AG and GG, where AG had relatively favourable unsaturated fatty acid composition. FMO3 mRNA expression was higher (p<0.01) in animals with the AG genotype. Conclusion: These results will improve the understanding of functions of the FMO3 gene in maintaining muscular fatty acid composition and will shed light on FMO3 as a candidate gene in the selection of ducks with unsaturated fatty acids for meat quality improvement.
References
Yu, K., G. Shu, F. Yuan, X. Zhu and P. Gao et al., 2013. Fatty acid and transcriptome profiling of longissimus dorsi muscles between pig breeds differing in meat quality. Int. J. Biol. Sci., 9: 108-118.
Cameron, N.D., M. Enser, G.R. Nute, F.M. Whittington and J.C. Penman et al., 2000. Genotype with nutrition interaction on fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat and the relationship with flavour of pig meat. Meat Sci., 55: 187-195.
Woollett, L.A., D.K. Spady and J.M. Dietschy, 1992. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids independently regulate low density lipoprotein receptor activity and production rate. J. Lipid Res., 33: 77-88.
Pascual, J.V., M. Rafecas, M.A. Canela, J. Boatella, R. Bou, A.C. Barroeta and R. Codony, 2007. Effect of increasing amounts of a linoleic-rich dietary fat on the fat composition of four pig breeds. Part II: Fatty acid composition in muscle and fat tissues. Food Chem., 100: 1639-1648.
Yeung, C.K., E.T. Adman and A.E. Rettie, 2007. Functional characterization of genetic variants of human FMO3 associated with trimethylaminuria. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 464: 251-259.
Wang, X., G. Zhou, X. Xu, R. Geng and J. Zhou et al., 2014. Transcriptome profile analysis of adipose tissues from fat and short-tailed sheep. Gene, 549: 252-257.
Snaz, M., C.J. Lopez-Bote, D. Menoyo and J.M. Bautista, 2000. Abdominal fat deposition and fatty acid synthesis are lower and β-oxidation is higher in broiler chickens fed diets containing unsaturated rather than saturated fat. J. Nutr., 130: 3034-3037.
Honkatukia, M., K. Reese, R. Preisinger, M. Tuiskula-Haavisto and S. Weigend et al., 2005. Fishy taint in chicken eggs is associated with a substitution within a conserved motif of the FMO3 gene. Genomics, 86: 225-232.
Lunden, A., S. Marklund, V. Gustafsson and L. Andersson, 2002. A nonsense mutation in the FMO3 gene underlies fishy off-flavor in cow's milk. Genome Res., 12: 1885-1888.
Moe, M., S. Lien, C. Bendixen, J. Hedegaard and H. Hornshoj et al., 2008. Gene expression profiles in liver of pigs with extreme high and low levels of androstenone. BMC Vet. Res., Vol. 4.
Glenn, K.L., A.M. Ramos and M.F. Rothschild, 2007. Analysis of FMO genes and off flavour in pork. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 124: 35-38.
Folch, J., M. Lees and G.H.S. Stanley, 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 226: 497-509.
Kramer, J.K., V. Fellner, M.E. Dugan, F.D. Sauer, M.M. Mossoba and M.P. Yurawecz, 1997. Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids, 32: 1219-1228.
Wang, P., J. Zheng, L. Qu, L. Lian, G. Xu and N. Yang, 2013. Molecular cloning, sequence characterization, SNP detection and tissue expression analysis of duck FMO3 gene. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 379: 141-151.
Rozen, S. and H. Skaletsky, 2000. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. Methods Mol. Biol., 132: 365-386.
Gunawan, A., K. Kaewmala, M.J. Uddin, M.U. Cinar and D. Tesfaye et al., 2011. Association study and expression analysis of porcine ESR1 as a candidate gene for boar fertility and sperm quality. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 128: 11-21.
Cinar, M.U., A. Kayan, M.J. Uddin, E. Jonas and D. Tesfaye et al., 2012. Association and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis of porcine AMBP, GC and PPP1R3B genes with meat quality traits. Mol. Biol. Rep., 39: 4809-4821.
Kayan, A., M.U. Cinar, M.J. Uddin, C. Phatsara and K. Wimmers et al., 2011. Polymorphism and expression of the porcine Tenascin C gene associated with meat and carcass quality. Meat Sci., 89: 76-83.
Silver, N., S. Best, J. Jiang and S.L. Thein, 2006. Selection of housekeeping genes for gene expression studies in human reticulocytes using real-time PCR. BMC Mol. Biol. Vol. 7.
Maharani, D., D.W. Seo, N.R. Choi, S. Jin, M. Cahyadi, C. Jo and J.H. Lee, 2013. Association of FASN and SCD genes with fatty acid composition in broilers. Korean J. Agric. Sci., 40: 215-220.
Lu, X.F., G.Q. He, H.N. Yu, Q. Ma, S.R. Shen and U.N. Das, 2010. Colorectal cancer cell growth inhibition by linoleic acid is related to fatty acid composition changes. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B, 11: 923-930.
Bakan, E., A. Yildirim, N. Kurtul, M.F. Polat, H. Dursun and K. Cayir, 2006. Effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on plasma fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes. Acta Diabetol., 43: 109-113.
Cazzola, R., M. Rondanelli, S. Russo-Volpe, E. Ferrari and B. Cestaro, 2004. Decreased membrane fluidity and altered susceptibility to peroxidation and lipid composition in overweight and obese female erythrocytes. J. Lipid. Res., 45: 1846-1851.
Naftilan, A.J., V.J. Dzau and J. Loscalzo, 1986. Preliminary observations on abnormalities of membrane structure and function in essential hypertension. Hypertension, 8: 174-179.
McGee, Jr. R., 1981. Membrane fatty acid modification of the neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid, NG108-15. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Lipids Lipid Metab., 663: 314-328.
Nakada, T., I.L. Kwee and W.G. Ellis, 1990. Membrane fatty acid composition shows δ-6-desaturase abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport, 1: 153-160.
Taniguchi, M., T. Utsugi, K. Oyama, H. Mannen and M. Kobayashi et al., 2004. Genotype of stearoyl-CoA desaturase is associated with fatty acid composition in Japanese Black cattle. Mamm. Genome, 14: 142-148.
Warensjo, E., J. Sundstrom, B. Vessby, T. Cederholm and U. Riserus, 2008. Markers of dietary fat quality and fatty acid desaturation as predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality: A population-based prospective study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 88: 203-209.
Mackay, R.J., C.J. McEntyre, C. Henderson, M. Lever and P.M. George, 2011. Trimethylaminuria: Causes and diagnosis of a socially distressing condition. Clin. Biochem. Rev., 32: 33-43.
Grundy, S.M., 1994. Influence of stearic acid on cholesterol metabolism relative to other long-chain fatty acids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 60: S886-S890.
Grundy, S.M., 1994. Influence of stearic acid on cholesterol metabolism relative to other long-chain fatty acids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 60: 986S-990S.
Habib, N.A., M.J. Hershman, R. Salem, W. Barker, K. Apostolov and C.B. Wood, 1987. Increased erythrocyte stearic acid desaturation in rats with chemically induced colorectal carcinomas. Int. J. Colorectal Dis., 2: 12-14.
Wood, C.B., N.A. Habib, K. Apostolov, A. Thompson, W. Barker, M. Hershman and L.H. Blumgart, 1985. Reduction in the stearic to oleic acid ratio in human malignant liver neoplasms. Eur. J. Surgical Oncol., 11: 347-348.
Abedi, E. and M.A. Sahari, 2014. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties. Food Sci. Nutr., 2: 443-463.
Cashman, J.R., 2005. Some distinctions between flavin-containing and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 338: 599-604.
Neuhoff, C., A. Gunawan, M.O. Farooq, M.U. Cinar and C. Große-Brinkhaus et al., 2015. Preliminary study of FMO1, FMO5, CYP21, ESR1, PLIN2 and SULT2A1 as candidate gene for compounds related to boar taint. Meat Sci., 108: 67-73.
Gunawan, A., S. Sahadevan, M.U. Cinar, C. Neuhoff and C. Große-Brinkhaus et al., 2013. Identification of the novel candidate genes and variants in boar liver tissues with divergent skatole levels using RNA deep sequencing. PloS One, Vol. 8.
Falls, J.G., D.Y. Ryu, Y. Cao, P.E. Levi and E. Hodgson, 1997. Regulation of mouse liver flavin-containing monooxygenases 1 and 3 by sex steroids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 342: 212-223.
Robic, A., C. Larzul and M. Bonneau, 2008. Genetic and metabolic aspects of androstenone and skatole deposition in pig adipose tissue: A review (Open Access publication). Genet. Selection Evolution, Vol. 40.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
