Glycerin-A New Energy Source for Poultry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.1.4Keywords:
Glycerin, metabolism, nutrient value, poultryAbstract
Glycerin, known as glycerol or glycerine, is the principal co-product of biodiesel production, produced through a NaOH- or KOH-catalyzed transesterification of the triacylglycerols in oils or fats with an alcohol. Glycerin is known to be a valuable ingredient for producing food, soaps, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Currently, with plenty of glycerin available to the world market, more uses are expected to develop, especially as a potential energy source for poultry diets, with approximately 4,100 kcal/kg of gross energy. Moreover, glycerin also plays a critical role in body cellular metabolism. Results from different laboratories on the use of glycerin as feed energy source for poultry are discussed in this article. Positive responses are obtained with glycerol content up to 10% in poultry diets. The AMEn also has been measured in several experiments. However, more indices such as carcass performance and blood parameters need to be determined in further studies.
References
Barteczko, J. and J. Kaminski, 1999. Effect of glycerol and vegetal fat on some blood physiological indices and over fatness of broiler carcass. Anim. Sci., 36: 197-209.
Brambilla, S. and F.W. Hill, 1996. Comparison of neutral fat and free fatty acids in high lipid-low carbohydrates diets for the growing chicken. J. Nutr., 88: 84-92.
Brisson, D., M.C. Vohl, J. St. Pierre, T.J. Hudson and D. Gaudet, 2001. Glycerol: A neglected variable in metabolic processes?. Bioessays, 23: 534-542.
Brody, T., 1994. Nutritional Biochemistry. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA.
Campbell, A.J. and F.W. Hill, 1962. The effects of protein source on the growth promoting action of soybean oil and the effect of glycerine in a low fat diet. Poult. Sci., 41: 881-882.
Cerrate, S., F. Yan, Z. Wang, C. Coto, P. Sacakli and P.W. Waldroup, 2006. Evaluation of glycerine from biodiesel production as a feed ingredient for broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 1001-1007.
Cori, C.F. and W.M. Shine, 1935. The formation of carbohydrate from glycerophosphate in the liver of the rat. Science, 82: 134-135.
Cullen, M.P., O.G. Rassmussen and O.H.M. Wilder, 1962. Metabolizable energy value and utilization of different types and grades of fat by the chick. Poult. Sci., 41: 360-367.
Dasari, M.A., P.P. Kiatsimkul, W.R. Sutterlin and G.J. Suppes, 2005. Low-pressure hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene glycol. Applied Catalysis A General, 281: 225-231.
Dozier, III W.A., B.J. Kerr, A. Corzo, M.T. Kidd, T.E. Weber and K. Bregendahl, 2008. Apparent metabolizable energy of glycerin for broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 87: 317-322.
Emmanuel, B., R. Berzins and A.R. Robblee, 1983. Rates of entry of alanine and glycerol and their contribution to glucose synthesis in fasted chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 24: 565-571.
Francois, A., 1994. Glycerol in nutrition. Comptes Rendus Acad. Agric. France, 2: 63-76.
Guyton, A.C., 1991. Textbook of Medical Physiology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.
Hober, R. and J. Hober, 1937. Experiments on the absorption of organic solutes in the small intestine of rats. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 10: 401-422.
Hooge, D.M., K.R. Kummings and J.L. McNaughton, 1999. Evaluation of sodium bicarbonate, chloride, or sulfate with a coccidiostat in corn-soy or corn-soy-meat diets for broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 78: 1300-1306.
ICIS Pricing, 2007. Glycerine Europe. Nicolette Allen, http://www.icispricing.com/il_shared/Samples/SubPage99.asp.
Krebs, H.A. and P. Lund, 1966. Formation of glucose from hexoses, pentoses, polyols and related substances in kidney cortex. Biochem. J., 98: 210-214.
Krebs, H.A., B.M. Notton and R. Hems, 1966. Gluconeogenesis in mouse-liver slices. Biochem. J., 101: 607-617.
Lammers, P.J., B.J. Kerr, M.S. Honeyman, K. Staldre and W.A. Dozier III et al., 2008. Nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy value of crude glycerol for laying hens. Poult. Sci., 87: 104-107.
Lessard, P., M.R. Lefrancois and J.F. Bernier, 1993. Dietary addition of cellular metabolic intermediates and carcass fat deposition in broilers. Poult. Sci., 72: 535-545.
Lessire, M. and B. LeClercq, 1982. Metabolisable energy value of fats in chicks and adult cockerels. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 7: 365-374.
Lin, E.C.C., 1997. Glycerol utilization and its regulation in mammals. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 46: 765-795.
Lin, M.H.D., R. Romsos and G.A. Leveille, 1976. Effect of glycerol on enzyme activities and on fatty acid synthesis in the rat and chicken. J. Nutr., 106: 1668-1677.
Min, Y.N., F.Z. Liu, Z. Wang, C. Coto and S. Cerrate et al., 2008. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles in combination with glycerin in broiler diets. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7: 646-654.
National Biodiesel Board, 2007. Official site of the national biodiesel board. http://www.biodiesel.org/.
NRC, BA and SPN, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition. 9th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC, United State, ISBN-13: 978-0309048927, Pages: 176.
Parsons, G.L., M.K. Shelor and J.S. Drouillard, 2008. Performance and carcass traits of finishing heifers fed crude glycerin. J. Anim. Sci.
Robergs, R.A. and S.E. Griffin, 1998. Glycerol: Biochemistry, pharmacokinetics and clinical and practical applications. Sports Med., 3: 145-167.
Rosebrough, R.W., E. Geis, P. James, H. Ota and J. Whitehead, 1980. Effects of dietary energy substitutions on reproductive performance, feed efficiency and lipogenic enzyme activity on large white Turkey hens. Poult. Sci., 59: 1485-1492.
Sambrook, I.E., 1980. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate and Lipid in the Stomach and the Small Intestine of the Pig. In: Current Concepts of Digestion and Absorption in Pigs, Low, A.G. and I.G. Partridge (Eds.). National Institute Dairy Research, Reading, UK., pp: 78-93.
Simon, A., 1996. Application of glycerol with the drinking water of broilers. Proceedings of Society Nutrition Physiology Tagung der Gesellschaft fuer Ernaehrungsphysiologie, Feb. 27-29, Frankfurt, Germany, pp: 125-125.
Simon, A., H. Bergner and M. Schwabe, 1996. Glycerol-feed ingredient for broiler chickens. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 49: 103-112.
Simon, A., M. Schwabe and H. Bergner, 1997. Glycerol supplementation to broiler rations with low crude protein content. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 50: 271-282.
Skrzydlewska, E., 2003. Toxicological and metabolic consequences of methanol poisoning. Toxicol. Mechanisms Methods, 13: 277-293.
Tao, R.C., R.E. Kelley, N.N. Yoshimura and F. Benjamin, 1983. Glycerol: Its metabolism and use as an intravenous energy source. J. Pareteral Enteral Nutr., 7: 479-488.
Thompson, J.C. and B.B. He, 2006. Characterization of crude glycerol from biodiesel production from multiple feedstocks. Applied Eng. Agric., 22: 261-265.
Tyson, K.S., J. Bozell, R. Wallace, E. Petersen and L. Monees, 2004. Technical report of national renewable energy laboratory NREL. Biomass Oil Analysis, Research Needs and Recommendations,
Van Gerpen, J., 2005. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process Technol., 86: 1097-1107.
Willke, T. and K.D. Vorlop, 2004. Industrial bioconversion of renewable resources as an alternative to conventional chemistry. Applied Microbiol. Biotechnol., 66: 131-142.
Ma, F. and M.A. Hanna, 1999. Biodiesel production: A review. Bioresour. Technol., 70: 1-15.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2010 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
