Research Article Open Access

Immunonutrition of Broilers Challenged with Eimeria spp. and Fed with Organic Acids as an Alternative to Chemotherapeutics

Authors

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Kelry Mayara da Silva
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena, São Paulo, 17900-000, Brazil
|
Robert Guaracy Aparecido Cardoso Araujo
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena, São Paulo, 17900-000, Brazil
|
Claudia Harumi Oka
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena, São Paulo, 17900-000, Brazil
|
Adriano Barbieri
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena, São Paulo, 17900-000, Brazil
|
Bárbara Fernanda da Silva Barbosa
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena, São Paulo, 17900-000, Brazil
|
Gabrieli Andressa de Lima
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena, São Paulo, 17900-000, Brazil
|
Paulo Henrique Yamada
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena, São Paulo, 17900-000, Brazil
|
Jaqueline Dalbello Biller
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena, São Paulo, 17900-000, Brazil
|
Alda Maria Back Noronha Madeira
Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo (Institute of Biomedical Sciences-USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, ICBII, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
|
Valquíria Cação Cruz-Polycarpo
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena, São Paulo, 17900-000, Brazil
Published on: March 15, 2021
DOI 10.3923/ijps.2021.165.172
PDF

Abstract

Objective: This study was designed to evaluated the effect of organic acids as an alternative to chemotherapeutics in diets of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. on their performance and immune system. Materials and Methods: A total of 840 male Cobb broiler chicks were utilized. The treatments were: basal diet, without additive (BD)-unchallenged birds; BD-challenged birds; BD+organic acids-challenged birds; BD+antibiotic and anticoccidial-challenged birds. The organic acids were a blend consisting of lactic acid (40%), propionic acid (5%) and butyric acid (1%). The birds were challenged by oral inoculation at the age of 11 days with E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella. The performance was evaluated in the periods of 1-7, 1-14, 1-21 and 1-42 day. Blood from previously identified birds were collected on day zero, at three and at 10 days post-inoculation for immunological analyses. Results: The organic acids did not increase the performance of the challenged birds. They only showed a small improvement in the viability (VB), which provided an intermediate result between the control diet and the diet supplemented with the antibiotics. On day zero, it was observed from hemogram of the birds that the treatment had no effect on erythrocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin. The microbiological challenge decreased the number of erythrocytes and the additives did not provide any improvement. These results evidenced an increase in the immune system response with the use of antibiotics, which fight against pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Although Eimeria challenge affects performance, even then, it was not possible to demonstrate a difference between the unchallenged and the challenged control in the immunological study. Conclusion: Diet supplemented with organic acids or antibiotics did not improve the broiler performance and few immunological changes were observed when inoculated with Eimerias.

Keywords:

Antimicrobial additives, broilers, butyric acid, immunology, lactic acid, propionic acid

Article Metrics

161 Abstract Views
153 File Views
0 Downloads

License

Copyright (c) 2021 The Author(s)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Article Citation Metrics

Find Immunonutrition of Broilers Challenged with Eimeria spp. and Fed with Organic Acids as an Alternative to Chemotherapeutics on PlumX

How to Cite

da Silva , K. M., Araujo, R. G. A. C., Oka, C. H., Barbieri, A., Barbosa, B. F. da S., de Lima, G. A., Yamada, P. H., Biller, J. D., Madeira, A. M. B. N., & Cruz-Polycarpo, V. C. (2021). Immunonutrition of Broilers Challenged with Eimeria spp. and Fed with Organic Acids as an Alternative to Chemotherapeutics. International Journal of Poultry Science, 20(4), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2021.165.172
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

1.
Langhout, P., 2000. New additives for broiler chickens. World Poult., 16: 22-27.
2.
Huyghebaert, G., R. Ducatelle and F. van Immerseel, 2011. An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers. Vet. J., 187: 182-188.
3.
Kipper, M., I. Andretta, C.R. Lehnen, P.A. Lovatto and S.G. Monteiro, 2013. Meta-analysis of the performance variation in broilers experimentally challenged by Eimeria spp. Vet. Parasitol., 196: 77-84.
4.
Eidelsburger, U., 2001. Feeding short-chain organic acids to pigs. In: Recent Developments in Pig Nutrition 3, Wiseman, J. and P.C. Garnsworthy, (Eds.). Nottingham University Press, England, pp: 107-121,.
5.
Ricke, S.C., 2003. Perspectives on the use of organic acids and short chain fatty acids as antimicrobials. Poult. Sci., 82: 632-639.
6.
Noy, Y. and D. Sklan, 1995. Digestion and absorption in the young chick. Poult. Sci., 73: 366-373.
7.
Aljumaah, M.R., M.M. Alkhulaifi, A.M. Abudabos, A. Alabdullatifb, A.H. El-Mubarak, A.R.A. Suliman and D. Stanley, 2020. Organic Acid Blend Supplementation Increases Butyrate and Acetate Production in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Challenged Broilers. PLoS ONE, Vol. 15.
8.
Thrall, M.A., G. Weiser, R. Allison and T.W. Campbell, 2012. Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry. 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York, ISBN: 9780813810270, Pages: 784.
9.
Da Silva, I.C.M. and A.M.L. Ribeiro, 2004. Interação entre a nutriçã. In: A importância da Interação Entre a Nutrição e a Imunologia em Aves: Produção Animal Avicultura: A revista de avisite. pp: 18-25. https://www.avisite.com.br/revista/pdfs/revista_edicao22.pdf.
10.
Rostagno, H.S., L.F.T. Albino, J.L. Donzele, P.C. Gomes and R.F. Oliveira et al., 2011. Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine: Composition of Feedstuffs and Nutritional Requirements. 3rd Edn., Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Pages: 251.
11.
F.L.d.C. Freitas, K.d.S. Almeida, A.A. do Nascimento, J.H. Tebaldi, R.Z. Machado and C.R. Machado, 2017. Aspectos clínicos e patológicos em frangos de corte (Gallus gallus domesticus) infectados experimentalmente com oocistos esporulados de Eimeria acervulina Tyzzer, 1929. [Clinical and pathological aspects in broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus) infected experimentally with Eimeria acervulina Tyzzer, 1929 sporulated oocysts]. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 17: 16-20. (In Portuguese).
12.
Holdsworth, P.A., D.P. Conway, M.E. McKenzie, A.D. Dayton and H.D. Chapman et al., 2004. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs in chickens and turkeys. Vet. Parasitol., 121: 189-212.
13.
Williams, R.B., 1999. A compartmentalised model for the estimation of the cost of coccidiosis to the world's chicken production industry. Int. J. Parasitol., 29: 1209-1229.
14.
Williams, R.B., 2005. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: Rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol., 34: 159-180.
15.
Hawkey, C.M., T.B. Dennett and M.A. Peirce, 1989. Color Atlas of Comparative Veterinary Hematology: Normal and Abnormal Blood Cells in Mammals, Birds and Reptiles. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, ISBN: 9780813804491, Pages: 192.
16.
Campbell, T.W. and F.J. Dein, 1984. Avian Hematology: The Basics. In: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Harrison, G.J., (Ed.). Elsevier, United States, pp: 223-248,.
17.
Lima, G.A., B.F.S. Barbosa, R.G.A.C. Araujo, B.R. Polidoro and G.V. Polycarpo et al., 2020. Agaricus subrufescens and Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms as alternative additives to antibiotics in diets for broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. Br. Poult. Sci., 62: 251-260.
18.
SAS Institute Inc., 2011. SAS/STAT® 9.3 User's Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, Pages: 8285.
19.
Dibner, J.J. and J.D. Richards, 2005. Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: History and mode of action. Poult. Sci., 84: 634-643.
20.
Polycarpo, G.V., I. Andretta, M. Kipper, V.C. Cruz-Polycarpo, J.C. Dadalt, P.H.M. Rodrigues and R. Albuquerque, 2017. Meta-analytic study of organic acids as an alternative performance-enhancing feed additive to antibiotics for broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 96: 3645-3653.
21.
Barbieri, A., G.V. Polycarpo, R.G.A. Cardoso, K.M. da Silva and J.C. Dadalt et al., 2016. Effect of probiotic and organic acids in an attempt to replace the antibiotics in diets of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria spp. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 14: 606-614.
22.
Abbas, R.Z., S.H. Munawar, Z. Manzoor, Z. Iqbal and M.N. Khan et al., 2011. Anticoccidial effects of acetic acid on performance and pathogenic parameters in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria tenella. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 31: 99-103.
23.
Dibner, J.J. and P. Buttin, 2002. Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism. J. Applied Poult. Res., 11: 453-463.
24.
Islam, K.M.S., H. Schaeublin, C. Wenk, M. Wanner and A. Liesegang, 2012. Effect of dietary citric acid on the performance and mineral metabolism of broiler. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 96: 808-817.
25.
Emami, N.K., S.Z. Naeini and C.A. Ruiz-Feria, 2013. Growth performance, digestibility, immune response and intestinal morphology of male broilers fed phosphorus deficient diets supplemented with microbial phytase and organic acids. Livest. Sci., 157: 506-513.
26.
Tessari, E.N.C., C.A.F. Oliveira, A.L.S.P. Cardoso, D.R. Ledoux and G. Rottinghaus, 2006. Parâmetros hematológicos de frangos de corte alimentados com ração contendo aflatoxina B1 e fumonisina B1. [Hematological parameters of broiler chicks fed rations containing aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1]. Cienc. Rural, 36: 924-929. (in Portuguese).
27.
Fourie, F.L.R. and J. Hattingh, 2003. Variability in bird haematology. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Physiol., 65: 147-150.
28.
Adedeji, O.S., 2013. Effect of different organic feed ingredients on growth performance, haematological charactersistics and serum parameters of broiler chickens. World J. Agric. Sci., 9: 137-142.
29.
Bienzle, D. and D.A. Smith, 2003. Heterophilic leucocytosis and granulocytic hyperplasia associated with infection in a cockatoo. Comp. Haematol. Int., 9: 193-197.
30.
Jaensch, S. and P. Clark, 2004. Haematological characteristics of response to inflammation or traumatic injury in two species of black cockatoos: Calyptorhynchus magnificus and C. funereus. Comp. Clin. Pathol., 13: 9-13.
31.
Swenson, M.J. and W.O. Reece, 1996. Physiological Properties and Cellular and Chemical Constituents of Blood. In: Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, Dukes, H.H., M.J. Swenson and W.O. Reece (Eds.). 11th Edn., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY., USA., ISBN-13: 9780801428043, pp: 22-46.
32.
Abdel-Hafeez, H.M., E.S.E. Saleh, S.S. Tawfeek, I.M.I. Youssef and A.S.A. Abdel-Daim, 2016. Effects of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic with and without feed restriction on performance, hematological indices and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 30: 672-682.
33.
Winthrobe, M.M., 1933. Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood of various vertebrates. Folia Haematologie, 51: 32-49.
34.
Borsa, A., 2009. Valores hematológicos em frangos de corte de criação industrial. Colloq. Agrariae, 5: 25-31.
35.
Junqueira, O.S.-F. and S.K. Duarte, 2014. Animal Nutrition. Proceeding of VI Latin American Congress on Animal Nutrition, September 23-26, 2014 Brazilian College of Animal Nutrition and Mexican Association of Studies on Animal Nutrition 1-2.

Most read articles by the same author(s)