Research Article
Open Access
Effect of Eimeria Infection on Cecal Microbiome of Broilers Fed Essential Oils
Abstract
Coccidiosis causes mucosal damage and predisposes birds to enteropathogen infection. In this study pyrosequencing was used to evaluate effects of coccidiosis on the intestinal microflora of broilers given diets without feed additives or supplemented with either a growth promotant antibiotic and an ionophore, or two essential oil blends. DNA samples were collected from the cecal contents of broilers before (19 d) and after (26 d) infection with mixed Eimeria spp. (E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella). A 454 FLX pyrosequencer and 16S universal primers were used to obtain quantitative profiles of bacterial taxa present in each sample. The relative percent abundance of the identified taxa was analyzed using hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. Samples from pre-infected broilers were dominated by bacterial species belonging to genera Subdoligranulum, Coprococcus, Alistipes, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium. Post-infection samples were dominated by species from the genera Escherichia/Shigella and Bacteroides. Eimeria infection did not significantly affect the richness of the microbial communities but rather its composition. The composition of the cecal microbiome correlated with the average feed conversion ratio. The methodology used in this study proved effective in understanding the effects of coccidia infection on intestinal microflora of broilers raised on diets supplemented with growth promoting antibiotics, ionophores and essential oils.
Keywords:
Coccidiosis, essential oils, microbial ecology, pyrosequencingArticle Metrics
174
Abstract Views
168
File Views
0
Downloads
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Article Citation Metrics
How to Cite
Kley, M. M.-V., Oviedo-Rondon, E., Dowd, S., Hume, M., & Nalian, A. (2012). Effect of Eimeria Infection on Cecal Microbiome of Broilers Fed Essential Oils. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11(12), 747–755. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2012.747.755
References
1.
Antonopoulos, D.A., S.M. Huse, H.G. Morrison, T.M. Schmidt, M.L. Sogin and V.B. Young, 2009. Reproducible community dynamics of the gastrointestinal microbiota following antibiotic perturbation. Infect. Immunity, 77: 2367-2375.
2.
Amit-Romach, E., D. Sklan and Z. Uni, 2004. Microflora ecology of the chicken intestine using 16s ribosomal DNA primers. Poult. Sci., 83: 1093-1098.
3.
Apajalahti, J.H.A., A. Kettunen, M.R. Bedford and W.E. Holben, 2001. Percent G+C profiling accurately reveals diet-related differences in the gastrointestinal microbial community of broiler chickens. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 67: 5656-5667.
4.
Apajalahti, J.H. and M.R. Bedford, 1999. Improve bird performance by feeding its microflora. World Poult., 15: 20-23.
5.
Apajalahti, J., A. Kettunen and H. Graham, 2004. Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbial communities, with special reference to the chicken. World's Poult. Sci. J., 60: 223-232.
6.
Bjerrum, L., R.M. Engberg, T.D. Leser, B.B. Jensen, K. Finster and K. Pedersen, 2006. Microbial community composition of the ileum and cecum of broiler chickens as revealed by molecular and culture based techniques. Poult. Sci., 85: 1151-1164.
7.
Bradley, R.E. and C.V. Radhakrishnan, 1973. Coccidiosis in chickens: Obligate relationship between Eimeria tenella and certain species of cecal microflora in the pathogenesis of the disease. Avian Dis., 17: 461-476.
8.
Bray, J.R. and J.T. Curtis, 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monography, 27: 325-349.
9.
Dibner, J.J. and J.D. Richards, 2004. The digestive system: Challenges and opportunities. J. Applied Poult. Res., 13: 86-93.
10.
Dowd, S.E., T.R. Callaway, R.D. Wolcott, Y. Sun, T. McKeehan, R.G. Hagevoort and T.S. Edrington, 2008. Evaluation of the bacterial diversity in the feces of cattle using 16S rDNA bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). BMC Microbiol., Vol. 8.
11.
Giannenas, I., P. Florou-Paneri, M. Papazahariadou, E. Christaki, N.A. Botsoglou, and A.B. Spais, 2003. Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 57: 99-106.
12.
Guo, F.C., B.A. Williams, R.P. Kwakkel, H.S. Li and X.P. Li et al., 2004. Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 83: 175-182.
13.
Hume, M.E., L.F. Kubena, T.S. Edrington, C.J. Donskey, R.W. Moore, S.C. Ricke and D.J. Nisbet, 2003. Poultry digestive microflora biodiversity as indicated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Poult. Sci., 82: 1100-1107.
14.
Hume, M.E., S. Clemente-Hernandez and E.O. Oviedo-Rondon, 2006. Effects of feed additives and mixed Eimeria species infection on intestinal microbial ecology of broilers. Poult. Sci., 85: 2106-2111.
15.
Hume, M.E., N.A. Barbosa, S.E. Dowd, N.K. Sakomura, A.G. Nalian, A. Martynova-Van Kley and E.O. Oviedo-Rondon, 2011. Use of pyrosequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to examine the effects of probiotics and essential oil blends on digestive microflora in broilers under mixed Eimeria infection. Foodborne Pathogens Dis., 8: 1159-1167.
16.
Hume, M.E., C.A. Hernandez, N.A. Barbosa, S.E. Dowd, N.K. Sakomura and E.O. Oviedo-Rondon, 2012. Molecular identification and characterization of ileal and cecal fungus communities in broilers given probiotics, specific essential oil blends and under mixed Eimeria infection. Foodborne Pathogens Dis., 9: 853-860.
17.
Kim, S.W., M.Z. Fan and T.J. Applegate, 2008. Nonruminant nutrition symposium on natural phytobiotics for health of young animals and poultry: Mechanisms and application. J. Anim. Sci., 86: E138-E139.
18.
Knarreborg, A., M.A. Simon, R.M. Engberg, B.B. Jensen and G.W. Tannock, 2002. Effects of dietary fat source and subtherapeutic levels of antibiotic on the bacterial community in the ileum of broiler chickens at various ages. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 68: 5918-5924.
19.
Lee, K.W., H. Everts and A.C. Beynen, 2004. Essential oils in broiler nutrition. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 738-752.
20.
Lu, J., U. Idris, B. Harmon, C. Hofacre, J.J. Maurer and M.D. Lee, 2003. Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 69: 6816-6824.
21.
McDougald, L.R., 2003. Coccidiosis. In: Diseases of Poultry, Saif, Y.M., H.J. Barnes, J.R. Glisson, A.M. Fadley, L.R. McDougald and D.E. Swayne (Eds.). 11th Edn., Iowa State Press, Ames, IA., USA., ISBN-13: 978-0813804231, pp: 974-991.
22.
Mitsch, P., K. Zitterl-Eglseer, B. Kohler, C. Gabler, R. Losa and I. Zimpernik, 2004. The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 83: 669-675.
23.
Oksanen, J., R. Kindt, P. Legendre, B. O'Hara and G.L. Simpson et al., 2010. Vegan: Community ecology package. R Package Version 1.15-4, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
24.
Oviedo-Rondon, E.O., S. Clemente-Hernandez, F. Salvador, P. Williams and R. Losa, 2006. Essential oils on mixed coccidia vaccination and infection in broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 723-730.
25.
Parker, J., E.O. Oviedo-Rondon, B.A. Clack, S. Clemente-Hernandez and J. Osborne et al., 2007. Enzymes as feed additive to aid in responses against Eimeria species in coccidia-vaccinated broilers fed corn-soybean meal diets with different protein levels. Poult. Sci., 86: 643-653.
26.
Rose, M.E., A.M. Lawn and B.J. Millard, 1984. The effect of immunity on the early events in the life cycle of Eimeria tenella in the cecal mucosa of the chicken. Parasitology, 88: 199-210.
27.
Saini, R., S. Davis and W. Dudley-Cash, 2003. Oregano essential oil reduces the expression of coccidiosis in broilers. Proceedings of the 52nd Western Poultry Disease Conference, March 8-11, 2003, Sacramento, CA., USA., pp: 97-98.
28.
Saini, R., S. Davis and W. Dudley-Cash, 2003. Oregano essential oil reduces necrotic enteritis in broilers. Proceedings of 52th Western Poultry Disease Conference, (WPDC`03), Sacramento, CA., pp: 95-97.
29.
Scupham, A.J., J.A. Jones and I.V. Wesley, 2007. Comparison of DNA extraction methods for analysis of turkey cecal microflora. J. Applied Microbiol., 102: 401-409.
30.
Thomke, S. and K. Elwinger, 1998. Growth promotants in feeding pigs and poultry. III. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promotants. Ann. Zootech., 47: 245-271.
31.
Ter Braak, C.J.F. and I.C. Prentice, 1988. A theory of gradient analysis. Adv. Ecol. Res., 18: 271-317.
32.
Torok, V.A., K. Ophel-Keller, M. Loo and R.J. Hughes, 2008. Application of methods for identifying broiler chicken gut bacterial species linked with increased energy metabolism. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 74: 783-791.
33.
Wielen, P.W.J.J., D.A. Keuzenkamp, L.J. Lipman, F. Knapen and S. Biesterveld, 2002. Spatial and temporal variation of the intestinal bacterial community in commercially raised broiler chickens during growth. Microb. Ecol., 44: 286-293.
34.
Verstegen, M.W.A. and B.A. Williams, 2002. Alternatives to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters for monogastric animals. Anim. Biotechnol., 13: 113-127.
35.
Wang, Q., G.M. Garrity, J.M. Tiedje and J.R. Cole, 2007. Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 73: 5261-5267.
36.
Williams, R.B., 2002. Anticoccidial vaccines for broiler chickens: Pathways to success. Avian Pathol., 31: 317-353.
37.
Williams, R.B., 2005. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: Rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol., 34: 159-180.
38.
Yang, Y., P.A. Iji and M. Choct, 2009. Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: A review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. World's Poult. Sci. J., 65: 97-114.
39.
Zhou, H., J. Gong, J.T. Brisbin, H. Yu, B. Sanei, P. Sabour and S. Sharif, 2007. Appropriate chicken sample size for identifying the composition of broiler intestinal microbiota affected by dietary antibiotics, using the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique. Poult. Sci., 86: 2541-2549.
40.
Zhu, X.Y., T. Zhong, Y. Pandya and R.D. Joerger, 2002. 16S rRNA-based analysis of microbiota from the cecum of broiler chickens. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 68: 124-137.
41.
Zoetendal, E.G., C.T. Collier, S. Koike, R.I. Mackie and H.R. Gaskins, 2004. Molecular ecological analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota: A review. J. Nutr., 134: 465-472.
42.
Zoetendal, E.G. and R.I. Mackie, 2005. Molecular Methods in Microbial Ecology. In: Probiotics and Prebiotics: Scientific Aspects, Tannock, G.W. (Ed.). Caister Academic Press, Dunedin, New Zealand.
