Research Article
Open Access
Effect of Dietary Crude Protein, Lysine Level and Amino Acid Balance on Performance of Broilers 0 to 18 Days of Age
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Crude Protein (CP), lysine and amino acid balance in male broiler diets on performance (weight gain and feed conversion, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio). Five test diet series were used: 1) the 23% CP diet; 2) the 21% CP diet; 3) the 21% CP diet plus additional amino acids (21.68% total CP) to provide at least as much of the essential amino acids as present in the 23% CP diet; 4) the 19% CP diet and 5) the 19% CP diet plus additional amino acids (20.31% total CP) to provide at least as much of the essential amino acids as present in the 23% CP diet. For each of the five test diets series, additional Lys was added to provide total Lys levels of 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35 and 1.40%. This resulted in a total of 35 final experimental treatments in a 5 x 7 factorial arrangement. Each treatment was fed to 6 replicate pens of 6 male broilers in electrically heated battery brooders from 1-18 days of age. Birds fed the low-protein diets (21%) supplemented with EAAs (21.68% total CP) showed significantly the highest BW and best FCR and FE. There were no significant differences in BW between birds fed control diet (23%) and 19% CP or 19% plus EAAs (20.31% total CP) and 21% CP. FC and PER were significantly affected by dietary protein levels. FCR and FE were significantly improved and BW increased significantly by increasing dietary lysine levels up to 1.25%. An interactions of CP with or without EAAs with dietary lysine level were significant for BW. FCR, FE, FC and PER not significantly influenced by interaction. Thus, our results suggest that maximum body weight could be obtained with a 21% low-CP plus EAA supplementation which was the same as that of the chicks fed high protein diet (23% CP). Optimum dietary lysine level for performance was affected by dietary protein level and amino acid balance.
Keywords:
Amino acid balance, crude protein, lysine, performanceArticle Metrics
630
Abstract Views
171
File Views
0
Downloads
License
Copyright (c) 2010 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Article Citation Metrics
How to Cite
Abdel-Maksoud, A., Yan, F., Cerrate, S., Coto, C., Wang, Z., & Waldroup, P. (2009). Effect of Dietary Crude Protein, Lysine Level and Amino Acid Balance on Performance of Broilers 0 to 18 Days of Age. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.21.27
References
1.
Abebe, S. and T.R. Morris, 1990. Note on the effects of protein concentration on responses to dietary lysine by chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 31: 255-260.
2.
Abebe, S. and T.R. Morris, 1990. Effects of protein concentration on responses to dietary tryptophan by chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 31: 267-272.
3.
Aftab, U., M. Ashraf and Z. Jiang, 2006. Low protein diets for broilers. World's Poult. Sci. J., 62: 688-701.
4.
Almquist, H.J., 1952. Amino acid requirements of chickens and Turkeys: A review. Poult. Sci., 31: 969-981.
5.
Baker, D.H., A.B. Batal, T.M. Parr, N.R. Augspurger and C.M. Parsons, 2002. Ideal ratio (relative to lysine) of tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine and valine for chicks during the second and third weeks posthatch. Poult. Sci., 81: 485-494.
6.
Baker, D.H. and Y. Han, 1994. Ideal amino acid profile for chicks during the first three weeks posthatching. Poult. Sci., 73: 1441-1447.
7.
Barboza, W.A., H.S. Rostagno, L.F.T. Albino and P.B. Rodrigues, 2000. Lysine levels for broiler chickens from 1 to 21 and 15 to 40 days of age. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 29: 1082-1090.
8.
Bornstein, S. and B. Lipstein, 1975. The replacement of some of the soybean meal by the first limiting amino acids in practical broiler diets. 1. The value of special supplementation of chicks diets with methionine and lysine. Br. Poult. Sci., 16: 177-188.
9.
Bregendahl, K., J.L. Sell and D.R. Zimmerman, 2002. Effect of low-protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 81: 1156-1167.
10.
Cafe, M.B. and P.W. Waldroup, 2006. Interactions between levels of methionine and lysine in broiler diets changed at typical industry intervals. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 1008-1015.
11.
Chung, T.K. and D.H. Baker, 1991. Apparent and true digestibility of amino acids in casein and in a complete amino acid mixture: Comparison of pig ileal digestibility with the cecectomized cockerel assay. J. Anim. Sci., 69: 38-38.
12.
Chung, T.K. and D.H. Baker, 1992. Apparent and true amino acid digestibility of a crystalline amino acid mixture and of casein: Comparison of values obtained with ileal-cannulated pigs and cecectomized cockerels. J. Anim. Sci., 70: 3781-3790.
13.
Ciftci, I. and N. Ceylan, 2004. Effects of dietary threonine and crude protein on growth performance, carcase and meat composition of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 45: 280-289.
14.
Deschepper, K. and G. de Groote, 1995. Effect of dietary protein, essential and non-essential amino acids on the performance and carcase composition of male broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 36: 229-245.
15.
Emmert, J.L. and D.H. Baker, 1997. Use of the ideal protein concept for precision formulation of amino acid levels in broiler diets. J. Applied Poult. Res., 6: 462-470.
16.
Fancher, B.I. and L.S. Jensen, 1989. Influence on performance of three to six weeks old broilers of varying dietary protein contents with supplementation of essential amino acid requirements. Poult. Sci., 68: 113-123.
17.
Fancher, B.I. and L.S. Jensen, 1989. Male broiler performance during the starting and growing periods as affected by dietary protein, essential amino acids and potassium levels. Poult. Sci., 68: 1385-1395.
18.
Han, Y.M. and D.H. Baker, 1991. Lysine requirement of fast and slow growing broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 70: 2108-2114.
19.
Han, Y., F. Castanon, C.M. Parsons and D.H. Baker, 1990. Intestinal absorption and bioavailability of DL-methionine hydroxyl analog compared to DL-methionine. Poult. Sci., 69: 281-287.
20.
Han, Y., H. Suzuki, C.M. Parsons and D.H. Baker, 1992. Amino acid fortification of a low-protein corn and soybean meal diet for chicks. Poult. Sci., 71: 1168-1178.
21.
Holsheimer, J.P. and E.W. Ruesink, 1993. Effect on performance, carcass composition, yield and financial return of dietary energy and lysine levels in starter and finisher diets fed to broilers. Poult. Sci., 72: 806-815.
22.
Hurwitz, S., D. Sklan, H. Talpaz and I. Plavnik, 1998. The effect of dietary protein level on the lysine and arginine requirements of growing chickens. Poult. Sci., 77: 689-696.
23.
Jiang, Q., P.W. Waldroup and C.A. Fritts, 2005. Improving the utilization of diets low in crude protein for broiler chicken 1. Evaluation of special amino acid supplementation to diets low in crude protein. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 115-122.
24.
Kerr, B.J., M.T. Kidd, K.M. Halpin, G.W. McWard and C.L. Quarles, 1999. Lysine level increases live performance and breast yield in male broilers. J. Applied Poult. Res., 8: 381-390.
25.
Kidd, M.T., B.J. Kerr and N.B. Anthony, 1997. Dietary interactions between lysine and threonine in Broilers. Poult. Sci., 76: 608-614.
26.
Kidd, M.T., B.J. Kerr, K.M. Halpin, G.W. McWard and C.L. Quarles, 1998. Lysine levels in starter and grower-finisher diets affect broiler performance and carcass traits. J. Applied Poult. Res., 7: 351-358.
27.
Labadan, Jr. M.C., K.N. Hsu and R.E. Austic, 2001. Lysine and arginine requirements of broiler chickens at two- to three-week intervals to eight weeks of age. Poult. Sci., 80: 599-606.
28.
Izquierdo, O.A., C.M. Parsons and D.H. Baker, 1988. Bioavailability of lysine in L-lysine HCl. J. Anim. Sci., 66: 2590-2597.
29.
Moran, Jr. E.T., R.D. Bushong and S.F. Bilgili, 1992. Reducing dietary crude protein for broilers while satisfying amino acid requirements by least-cost formulation: Live performance, litter composition and yield of fast-food carcass cuts at six weeks. Poult. Sci., 71: 1687-1694.
30.
Moran, E.T. Jr. and S.F. Bilgili, 1990. Processing losses, carcass quality and meat yields of broiler chickens receiving diets marginally deficient to adequate in lysine prior to marketing. Poult. Sci., 69: 702-710.
31.
Morris, T.R. and S. Abebe, 1990. Effects of arginine and protein on chick`s responses to dietary lysine. Br. Poult. Sci., 31: 261-266.
32.
Morris, T.R., K. Al-Azzawi, R.M. Gous and G.L. Simpson, 1987. Effects of protein concentration on responses to dietary lysine by chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 28: 185-195.
33.
Morris, T.R., R.M. Gous and C. Fisher, 1999. An analysis of the hypothesis that amino acid requirements for chicks should be stated as a proportion of dietary protein. World's Poult. Sci. J., 55: 7-22.
34.
Morris, T.R., R.M. Gous and S. Abebe, 1992. Effects of dietary protein concentration on the response of growing chicks to methionine. Br. Poult. Sci., 33: 795-803.
35.
Nakhata, N. and J.O. Anderson, 1982. Describing the relation between dietary protein and energy levels and chick performance by mathematical equations. Poult. Sci., 61: 891-897.
36.
Anonymous, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Rev. Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
37.
Nitsan, Z., G. Ben-Avraham, Z. Zoref and I. Nir, 1991. Growth and development of the digestive organs and some enzymes in broiler chicks after hatching. Br. Poult. Sci., 32: 515-523.
38.
Noy, Y. and D. Sklan, 1995. Digestion and absorption in the young chick. Poult. Sci., 74: 366-373.
39.
Noy, Y. and D. Sklan, 2002. Nutrient use in chicks during the first week posthatch. Poult. Sci., 81: 391-399.
40.
Parr, J.F. and J.D. Summers, 1991. The effect of minimizing amino acid excesses in broiler diets. Poult. Sci., 70: 1540-1549.
41.
Parsons, C.M. and D.H. Baker, 1982. Effect of dietary protein level and monensin on performance of chicks. Poult. Sci., 61: 2083-2088.
42.
Pesti, G.M. and D.L. Fletcher, 1984. The response of male broiler chickens to diets with various protein contents during the grower and finisher phases. Br. Poult. Sci., 25: 415-423.
43.
Pinchasov, Y., C.X. Mendonca and L.S. Jensen, 1990. Broiler chick response to low protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids. Poult. Sci., 69: 1950-1955.
44.
Rerat, A.A., 1985. Intestinal absorption of end products from digestion of carbohydrates and proteins in the pig. Arch. Tierernahr., 35: 461-480.
45.
Rerat, A., C. Simoes-Nunes, F. Mendy, P. Vaissade and P. Vaugelade, 1992. Splanchnic fluxes of amino acids after duodenal infusion of carbohydrate solutions containing free amino acids or oligopeptides in the non-anaesthetized pig. Br. J. Nutr., 68: 111-138.
46.
Rosebrough, R.W. and J.P. McMurtry, 1993. Protein energy relationship in broiler chickens. 11. Effect of protein quantity and quality on metabolism. Br. J. Nutr., 70: 667-678.
47.
Rosebrough, R.W. and N.C. Steele, 1985. Energy and protein relationships in the broiler 1. Effect of protein levels and feeding regimens on growth, body composition and in vitro lipogenesis of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 64: 119-126.
48.
SAS Institute, 1991. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. Version 5. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
49.
Si, J., D.J. Burnham and P.W. Waldroup, 2004. Extent to which crude protein may be reduced in corn-soybean meal broiler diets through amino acid supplementation. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 46-50.
50.
Sklan, D. and I. Plavnik, 2002. Interactions between dietary crude protein and essential amino acid intake on performance in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 43: 442-449.
51.
Sterling, K.G., 2002. Performance of different broiler genotypes fed diets with varying level of dietary crude protein and lysine. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
52.
Sterling, K.G., GM Pesti and R.I. Bakalli, 2003. Performance of broiler chicks fed various levels of dietary lysine and crude protein. Poult. Sci., 82: 1939-1947.
53.
Sterling, K.G., G.M. Pesti and R.I. Bakalli, 2006. Performance of different broiler genotypes fed diets with varying levels of dietary crude protein and lysine. Poult. Sci., 85: 1045-1054.
54.
Stillborn, H.L. and P.W. Waldroup, 1989. Utilization of low-protein grower diets for broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 68: 142-142.
55.
Summers, J.D. and S. Leeson, 1985. Broiler carcass composition as affected by amino acid supplementation. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 65: 717-723.
56.
Surisdiarto and D. Farrell, 1991. The relationship between dietary crude protein and dietary lysine requirement by broiler chicks on diets with and without the ideal amino acid balance. Poult. Sci., 70: 830-836.
57.
Tarvid, I., 1995. The development protein digestion in poultry. Poult. Avian Biol. Rev., 6: 35-54.
58.
Urdaneta-Rincon, M. and S, Leeson, 2004. Muscle (pectoralis major) protein turnover in young broiler chickens fed graded levels of lysine and crude protein. Poult. Sci., 83: 1897-1903.
59.
Waldroup, P.W., Q. Jiang and C.A. Fritts, 2005. Effects of glycine and threonine supplementation on performance of broiler chicks fed diets low in crude protein. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 250-257.
60.
Schutte, J.B., 1987. Utilization of synthetic amino acids in poultry. Proceeding of the World's Poultry Science Association 6th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, (WPSAESPN'87), Konigslutter, Germany, pp: 11-12.
61.
Aletor, V.A., I.I. Hamid, E. Nieb and E. Pfeffer, 2000. Low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets in broilers chickens: Effects on performance, carcass characteristics, whole-body composition and efficiencies of nutrient utilization. J. Sci. Food Agric., 80: 547-554.
