Effect of Essential Oils and Feed Enzymes on Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Broilers Fed a Corn/Soy-based Diet
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.749.755Keywords:
Broilers, digestibility, essential oils, growth performance, microbial nitrogen, phytase, volatile fatty acids, xylanaseAbstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of an encapsulated blend of Essential Oils (EOS) and a cocktail of various Enzymes (ES) including phytase and xylanase on the performance and nutrient utilization in broilers fed a corn/soy-based diet reduced in calcium, phosphorus and AME. Total 640 one day-old male chickens were allocated to 4 dietary treatments, following a 2 x 2 factorial design, 2 inclusion levels of EOS (0 or 100 g/t of feed) and 2 inclusion levels of ES (0 or 350 g/t of feed). The results indicated that there was no interaction in performance of broilers between EOS and ES. During the first three weeks, the mortality of broilers fed the diet containing EOS was lower (p<0.05) and the addition of EOS to the diet improved utilization of nitrogen and ileal digestibility of energy (p<0.05). In addition, EOS appeared to have affected gut microflora and the concentration of microbial nitrogen and Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA). On day 43, EOS supplementation increased the content of microbial nitrogen in ileum and caecum digesta and the concentration of acetate and butyrate in caecum (p<0.05), but it reduced the content of propionate in caecum. Supplementation of enzyme preparation at 350g/t to the basal diet improved the ileal digestibility of calcium and phosphorus as well as apparent metabolisability of energy and nitrogen (p<0.05). Supplementing enzyme preparation increased weight gain of broilers from 1 to 21 days. These results demonstrated that the addition of EOS and feed enzyme preparation in a corn/soy-based diet reduced in calcium, phosphorus and AME provided significant benefits in terms of nutrient utilization. The positive effect of EOS was more pronounced during the starter phase.
References
Alcicek, A., M. Bozkurt and M. Cabuk, 2003. The effect of an essential oils combination derived from selected herbs growing wild in Turkey on broiler performance. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 33: 89-94.
Allen, P.C., J. Lydon and H.D. Danforth, 1997. Effects of components of Artemisia annua on coccidia infections in chickens. Poult. Sci., 76: 1156-1163.
AOAC., 1980. Official Methods of Analysis. 13th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA., pp: 376-384.
Bedford, M.R. and H.L. Classen, 1992. Reduction of intestinal viscosity through manipulation of dietary rye and pentosanase concentration is effected through changes in the carbohydrate composition of the intestinal aqueous phase and results in improved growth rate and food conversion efficiency of broiler chicks. J. Nutr., 122: 560-569.
Botsoglou, N.A., D.J. Fletouris, P. Florou-Paneri, F. Christaki and A.B. Spais, 2003. Inhibition of lipid oxidation in long-term frozen stored chicken meat by dietary oregano essential oil and α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. Food Res. Int., 36: 207-213.
Botsoglou, N.A., P. Florou-Paneri, E. Christaki, D.J. Fletouris and A.B. Spais, 2002. Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Br. Poult. Sci., 43: 223-230.
Dorman, H.J.D. and S.G. Deans, 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J. Appl. Microbiol., 88: 308-316.
Duncan, S.H., P. Louis and H.J. Flint, 2004. Lactate-utilizing bacteria, isolated from human faeces, that produce butyrate as a major fermentation product. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 70: 5810-5817.
Elgayyar, M., F.A. Draughon, D.A. Golden and J.R. Mount, 2001. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. J. Food Protect., 64: 1019-1024.
Engberg, R.M., M.S. Hedemann, S. Steenfeldt and B.B. Jensen, 2004. Influence of whole wheat and xylanase on broiler performance and microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract. Poult. Sci., 83: 925-938.
Fu, R.N., 2001. Chromatographic Technique. Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, China, pp: 189-250.
Pettersson, D and P. Aman 1989. Enzyme supplementation of a poultry diet containing rye and wheat. Br. J. Nutr., 62: 139-149.
Hao, Z.L., S.Z. Li and J.C. Song, 1980. The comparison of digestibility measurement with ash dissolved in acid and total collecting excreta. Gansu Husbandry Vet. News, 2: 19-22.
Hernandez, F., J. Madrid, V. Garcia, J. Orengo and M.D. Megias, 2004. Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility and digestive organ size. Poult. Sci., 83: 169-174.
Jamroz, D. and C. Kamel, 2002. Plant extracts enhance broiler performance in non-ruminant nutrition: Antimicrobial agents and plant extracts on immunity, health and performance. J. Anim. Sci., 80: 41-46.
Lee, K.W., H. Everts, H.J. Kappert, M. Frehner, R. Losa and A.C. Beynen, 2003. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 44: 450-457.
Li, Z. and P. Li, 2003. Antibiotics as feed additive and its relation with feed safety. Feed Res., 6: 10-12.
Louis, P., S.H. Duncan, S.I. McCrae, J. Millar, M.S. Jackson and H.J. Flint, 2004. Restricted distribution of the butyrate kinase pathway among butyrate-producing bacteria from the human colon. J. Bacteriol., 186: 2099-2106.
Lu, D.X. and C.W. Xie, 1991. Modern Ruminant Nutrition Method and Technique. Agricultural Press, Beijing, China, pp: 81-87.
Mitsch, P., K. Zitterl-Eglseer, B. Kohler, C. Gabler, R. Losa and I. Zimpernik, 2004. The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 83: 669-675.
Obispo, N.E. and B.A. Dehority, 1999. Feasibility of using total purines as a marker for ruminal bacterial. J. Anim. Sci., 77: 3084-3095.
Platel, K., A. Rao, G. Saraswathi and K. Srinivasan, 2002. Digestive stimulant action of three Indian spice mixes in experimental rats. Nahrung, 46: 394-398.
Rao, R.R., K. Platel and K. Srinivasan, 2003. In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine. Nahrung, 47: 408-412.
Singh, G., I.P.S. Kapoor, S.K. Pandey, U.K. Singh and R.K. Singh, 2002. Studies on essential oils: Part 10; antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some spices. Phytother. Res., 16: 680-682.
Valero, M. and M.C. Salmeron, 2003. Antibacterial activity of 11 essential oils against Bacillus cereus in tyndallized carrot broth. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 85: 73-81.
Vicente, J.L., C. Lopez, E. Avila, E. Morales, B.M. Hargis and G. Tellez, 2007. Effect of dietary natural capsaicin on experimental Salmonella enteritidis infection and yolk pigmentation in laying hens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 393-396.
Aitken, I., W.H. Allan, R.M. Biggs, R.I. Gordon and F.T.W. Jordan, 1977. Newcastle Disease. In: Poultry Diseases, Gordon, R.F. (Ed.). Bailliere Tindall, London, pp: 81-94.
Bayyari, G.R., W.E. Huff, N.C. Rath, J.M. Balog and L.A. Newberry et al., 1997. Effect of the genetic selection of turkeys for increased body weight and egg production on immune and physiological responses. Poult. Sci., 76: 289-296.
Beccavin, C., B. Chevalier, L.A. Cogburn, J. Simon and M.J. Duclos, 2001. Insulin-like growth factors and body growth in chickens divergently selected for high or low growth rate. J. Endocrinol., 168: 297-306.
Burnside, J. and L.A. Cogburn, 1992. Developmental expression of hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in the chicken. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 89: 91-96.
Cheng, H.H. and S.J. Lamont, 2008. Genetics of Disease Resistance. In: Diseases of Poultry, Saif, Y.M., A. Fadly, J. Glisson, I. McDonald, L. Nolan and D. Swayne (Eds.). 12th Edn. Blackwell Publication, UK., pp: 59-72.
Chiang, H.I., C.L. Swaggerty, M.H. Kogut, S.E. Dowd, X. Li, I.Y. Pevzner and H. Zhou, 2008. Gene expression profiling in chicken heterophils with Salmonella enteritidis stimulation using a chicken 44 K Agilent microarray. BMC Genom., 9: 526-526.
Duclos, M.J., 2005. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) mRNA levels and chicken muscle growth. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 56: 25-35.
Ferro, P.J., C.L. Swaggerty, P. Kaiser, I.Y. Pevzner and M.H. Kogut, 2004. Heterophils isolated from chickens resistant to extra-intestinal Salmonella enteritidis infection express higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA following infection than heterophils from susceptible chickens. Epidemiol. Infect., 132: 1029-1037.
Jones, J.I. and D.R. Clemmons, 1995. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: Biological actions. Endocrinol. Rev., 16: 3-34.
Kajimoto, Y. and P. Rotwein, 1989. Structure and expression of a chicken insulin-like growth factor I precursor. Mol. Endocrinol., 3: 1907-1913.
Kikuchi, K., F.C. Buonomo, Y. Kajimoto and P. Rotwein, 1991. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I during chicken development. Endocrinology, 128: 1323-1328.
Kougt, M.H., E.D. Mcgrude, B.M. Hargis, D.E. Corrier and J.P. Deloach, 1994. Characterization of the pattern of inflammatory cell influx in chicks following the intraperitoneal administration of line Salmonella enteritidies-immune lymphokines. Poult. Sci., 74: 8-17.
Lamont, S.J., M.H. Pinard-van der Laan, A. Cahaner, J.J. van der Poel and H.K. Parmentier, 2003. Selection for Disease Resistance: Direct Selection on the Immune Response. In: Poultry Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Muir, W.M. and S.E. Aggrey (Eds.). Chapter 22, CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK., ISBN-13: 9780851998459, pp: 399-418.
Muir, W.M., G.K. Wong, Y. Zhang, J. Wang and M.A. Groenen et al., 2008. Genome-wide assessment of worldwide chicken SNP genetic diversity indicates significant absence of rare alleles in commercial breeds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 105: 17312-17317.
Nestor, K.E., Y.M. Saif, J. Zhu and D.O. Noble, 1996. Variation in resistance to Pasteurella multocida among Turkey lines. Poult. Sci., 75: 1161-1163.
Redmond, S.B., P. Chuammitri, B.C. Andreasen, D. Palic and J.S. Lamont, 2009. Chicken heterophils from commercially selected and non-selected genetic lines express cytokines differently after in vitro exposure to Salmonella enteritidis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 132: 129-134.
Scanes, C.G., E.A. Dunnington, F.C. Buonomo, D.J. Donoghue and P.B. Siegel, 1989. Plasma concentrations of insulin like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) in dwarf and normal chickens of high and low weight selected lines. Growth Dev. Aging, 53: 151-157.
Schneider, K., R. Klaas, B. Kaspers and P. Staeheli, 2001. Chicken interleukin-6. cDNA structure and biological properties. Eur. J. Biochem., 268: 4200-4206.
Shook, G.E., 1989. Selection for disease resistance. J. Dairy Sci., 72: 1349-1362.
Swaggerty, C.L., M.H. Kogut, P.J. Ferro, L. Rothwell, I.Y. Pevzner and P. Kaiser, 2004. Differential cytokine mRNA expression in heterophils isolated from Salmonella-resistant and-susceptible chickens. Immunology, 113: 139-148.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2010 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
