The Effect of Medicinal Herb Inclusion on Hematologic Status and Blood Lipid Profiles in Broiler Chickens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2017.415.423Keywords:
Blood lipid profiles, broiler chickens, flavonoid fractions, hematologic status, medicinal herbs, metabolic secondary compounds, toxicity scoreAbstract
Background and Objective: The use of antibiotics as a feed supplement in broiler chickens is not recommended and therefore, antibiotics should be substituted with alternative compounds. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of medicinal herb powder inclusion on hematological status, blood lipid profiles, internal organ weight and toxicity score in female broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: One hundred sixty-eight female broiler chickens aged 15 days were distributed into 7 groups. Each treatment group consisted of 4 replicates and each replicate consisted of 6 broilers. The 7 treatments were as follows: 1) broilers were fed a diet with no medicinal herbs as the control (P0), 2) broilers were fed with 5% Sauropus androgynus (S. androgynus) leaf powder (P1), 3) broilers were fed a diet with 5% bay leaf powder (P2), 4) broilers were fed a diet with 5% basil leaf powder (P3), 5) broilers were fed a diet with 5% papaya leaf powder (P4), 6) broilers were fed a diet with 5% Moringa leaf powder (P5) and 7) broilers were fed a diet with 5% noni fruit powder. Results: Sauropus androgynus leaf contained the highest protein content, at 34.37%, while noni fruit and basil leaf were rich in iron, at 7.80 and 6.43 ppm, respectively, followed by papaya leaf and Sauropus androgynus leaf, at 5.61 and 4.02 ppm, respectively. The noni fruit contained the highest crude fiber content (19.33%) followed by bay leaf (17.73%) and Sauropus androgynus leaf (14.16%). Experimental results showed that medicinal herb inclusion affected WBC (p<0.01) and lymphocytes (p<0.01) but had no effect on RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC and thrombocytes, P4 had the lowest WBC counts (p<0.01). Experimental results showed that the inclusion of medicinal herbs increased HDL (p<0.01), reduced LDL (p<0.05), triglycerides (p<0.01) and LDL/HDL ratio (p<0.01) but had no effect on total cholesterol. Conclusion: Selected medicinal herb inclusion reduced blood triglycerides, LDL and LDL/HDL ratio but increased HDL. Papaya and Sauropus androgynus leaves increased lymphocyte counts.
References
Willett, W.C., 2012. Dietary fats and coronary heart disease. J. Internal Med., 272: 13-24.
Cao, J., K. Li, X. Lu and Y. Zhao, 2004. Effects of florfenicol and chromium (III) on humoral immune response in chicks. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 17: 366-370.
Santoso, U., J. Setianto and T. Suteky, 2005. Effect of Sauropus androgynus (Katuk) extract on egg production and lipid metabolism in layers. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 18: 364-369.
Liu, B., W. Li, Y. Chang, W. Dong and L. Ni, 2006. Extraction of berberine from rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch using supercritical fluid extraction. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 41: 1056-1060.
Simitzis, P.E., S.G. Deligeorgis, J.A. Bizelis, A. Dardamani, I. Theodosiou and K. Feggeros, 2008. Effect of dietary oregano oil supplementation on lamb meat characteristics. Meat Sci., 79: 217-223.
Atawodi, S.E., J.C. Atawodi, G.A. Idakwo, B. Pfundstein and R. Haubner et al., 2010. Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem and root barks of Moringa oleifera Lam. J. Med. Food, 13: 710-716.
Moyo, B., S. Oyedemi, P.J. Masika and V. Muchenje, 2012. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and enzymatic activity of liver from goats supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves/sunflower seed cake. Meat Sci., 91: 441-447.
Agustal, A., M. Harapini and Chairul, 1997. [Chemical analysis of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr leaf extract using GC-MS]. Warta Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, 3: 31-33, (In Indonesian).
Santoso, U. and Sartini, 2001. Reduction of fat accumulation in broiler chickens by Sauropus androgynus (Katuk) leaf meal supplementation. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 14: 346-350.
Santoso, U., Y. Fenita, Kususiyah and I.G.N.G. Bidura, 2015. Effect of fermented Sauropus androgynus leaves on meat composition, amino acid and fatty acid compositions in broiler chickens. Pak. J. Nutr., 14: 799-807.
Santoso, U., 2001. Effect of Sauropus androgynus extract on the carcass quality of broiler chicks. Buletin Ilmu Peternakan Perikanan, 7: 22-28.
Santoso, U., 2001. Effect of Sauropus androgynus extract on the performance of broiler. Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Perikanan, 7: 15-21.
Santoso, U., 2001. Effect of Sauropus androgynus extract on organ weight, toxicity and number of Salmonella sp and Escherichia coli of broilers meat. Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Perikanan, 7: 162-169.
Santoso, U., E. Handayani and Suharyanto, 2001. Effects of Sallropus androgynus (Katuk) leaf extract on growth, fat accumulation and fecal microorganisms in broiler chickens. J. Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 6: 220-226.
Maryati, R.S. Fauzia and T. Rahayu, 2007. [Antibacteria activity test of Ocimum basilicum L. toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli]. J. Penelitian Sains Teknologi, 8: 30-38, (In Indonesian).
Muthmainnah, R., D. Rubiyanto and T.S. Julianto, 2014. [Formulation of liquid soap made from active basil oil as antibacterial and testing against Staphylococcus aureus]. Indonesian J. Chem. Res., 1: 44-50, (In Indonesian).
Onwurah, F.B., G.S. Ojewola and S. Akomas, 2011. Effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) on coccidial infection in broiler chicks. Acad. Res. Int., 1: 438-442.
Santoso, U., 2015. [The effect of papaya leaf extract on body weight, toxicity, organoleptic properties and meat quality in broiler chickens]. J. Inovasi, 1: 67-75, (In Indonesian).
Santoso, U. and Y. Fenita, 2015. [Effect of papaya (Carica papaya) leave meal supplementation on protein and fat levels of quail egg]. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, 10: 71-76, (In Indonesian).
Fenita, Y., 2010. The influence of noni fruit flour in the ration on the percentage of internal organs, cholesterol and triglyceride levels of broiler blood. Proceeding of Semirata Field in Agricultural Sciences, Western Region, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, Indonesia, pp: 1060-1065.
Kumalaningsih, S., 2008. Antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant. http://antioksi-dancenter.com.
Setiawan, C.P., 2002. [Effect of chemical and physical treatment of the antimicrobial activity of leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp)]. Master's Thesis, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia, (In Indonesian).
Chumark, P., P. Khunawat, Y. Sanvarinda, S. Phornchirasilp and N.P. Morales et al., 2008. The in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant properties, hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic activities of water extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol., 116: 439-446.
Iqbal, S. and M.I. Bhanger, 2006. Effect of season and production location on antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Pakistan. J. Food Compos. Anal., 19: 544-551.
Nkukwana, T.T., V. Muchenje, E. Pieterse, P.J. Masika, T.P. Mabusela, L.C. Hoffman and K. Dzama, 2014. Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth performance, apparent digestibility, digestive organ size and carcass yield in broiler chickens. Livest. Sci., 161: 139-146.
Sreelatha, S., A. Jeyachitra and P.R. Padma, 2011. Antiproliferation and induction of apoptosis by Moringa oleifera leaf extract on human cancer cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 49: 1270-1275.
Fitri, A., T. Toharmat, D.A. Astuti and H. Tamura, 2015. The potential use of secondary metabolites in Moringa oleifera as an antioxidant source. Media Peternakan, 38: 169-175.
Santoso, U., S. Ohtani and K. Tanaka, 2000. Tu-Chung leaf meal supplementation reduced an increase in lipid accumulation of chickens stimulated by dietary cholesterol. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 13: 1758-1763.
Santoso, U., Y. Fenita and K. Kususiyah, 2015. Effect of fermented Sauropus androgynus leaves on blood lipid fraction and haematological profile in broiler chickens. J. lndonesian Trop. Anim. Agric., 40: 199-207.
Ekeh, F.N., N.E. Ekechukwu, C.I. Atama and I.C. Atta, 2010. Haematology profile of albino rats given feed and water contaminated with varied concentrations of used engine oil. Anim. Res. Int., 7: 1229-1235.
Coles, E.H., 1986. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 4th Edn., W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, ISBN: 978-0721618289, Pages: 486.
Schalm, O.W., N.C. Jain and E.J. Carroll, 1975. Veterinary Haemotology. 3rd Edn., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
Brown, B.A., 1976. Direct Methods for Platelet Counts, Rees and Ecker Method. In: Hematology: Principles and Procedures, Brown, B.A. (Ed.). 2nd Edn., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA., ISBN-13: 978-0812105339, pp: 101-103.
Kulkarni, K.R., 2006. Cholesterol profile measurement by vertical auto profile method. Clin. Lab. Med., 26: 787-802.
Fossati, P. and L. Prencipe, 1982. Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clin. Chem., 28: 2077-2080.
Halaby, M.S., E.M. Elmetwaly and A.A.A. Omar, 2013. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum lipids and kidney function of hyperlipidemic rats. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 9: 5189-5198.
Andarwulan, N., R. Batari, D.A. Sandrasari, B. Bolling and H. Wijaya, 2010. Flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of vegetables from Indonesia. Food Chem., 121: 1231-1235.
Mlitan, A.M., M.S. Sasi and A.M. Alkherraz, 2014. Proximate and minor mineral content in some selected basil leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L, in Libya. Int. J. Chem. Eng. Applic., 5: 502-505.
Lujan, L., L. Maria, I. Assanga, S. Bernard and E.G. Rivera-Castaaeda et al., 2014. Nutritional and phenolic composition of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) fruit at different ripeness stages and seasonal patterns harvested in Nayarit, Mexico. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci., 3: 421-429.
Dev, N. and A. Iqbal, 2015. Processing and quality evaluation of green papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf tea. J. Agric. Crop Sci., 2: 1-6.
Salahuddin, M., M.A. Miah and N. Ahmad, 2013. Effects of protein and vitamin ADE on growth performance and haemato-biochemical profile in broiler. Bangladesh J. Vet. Med., 10: 9-14.
Szczurek, W., B. Szymczyk, A. Arczewska-Wlosek, D. Jozefiak and M.N. Alloui, 2013. The effects of dietary whey protein concentrate level on performance, selected intestinal tract and blood parameters and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the liver and breast meat of broiler chickens. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 22: 342-353.
Selvi, V.S. and A. Basker, 2012. Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS profiling in the leaves of Sauropus androgynus (L.) MERR. Int. J. Drug Dev. Res., 4: 162-167.
Ayoola, P.B. and A. Adeyeye, 2010. Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Carica papaya (pawpaw) leaves. Int. J. Res. Rev. Applied Sci., 5: 325-328.
Ojiako, E.N., 2014. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial screening of Moringa oleifera leaves extract. Int. J. Eng. Sci., 3: 32-35.
Anjorin, S.T. and N.H. Ugwu, 2011. Growth characteristics, phytochemicals and mineral composition of Ocimum gratissimum applied with Albit® bioproduct. Agric. Biol. J. North Am., 2: 693-697.
Sheikh, N., N. Younas and T. Akhtar, 2014. Effect of Carica papaya leaf formulation on hematology and serology of normal rat. Biologia, 60: 139-142.
Nghonjuyi, N.W., C.K. Tiambo, H.K. Kimbi, C.A.N. Manka'a, R.S. Juliano and F. Lisita, 2015. Efficacy of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves as a substitute of sulphanomide for the control of coccidiosis in KABIR chickens in Cameroon. J. Anim. Health Prod., 3: 21-27.
Basyaruddin, M., M.S. Djati and S. Rahayu, 2015. Bone marrow cells lymphocyte activity of pregnant mice with therapy of E. scaber and S. androgynus post infection Salmonella typhimurium. J. Exp. Life Sci., 5: 50-55.
Onibi, G.E., A.O. Bobadoye and O.R. Folorunso, 2011. Haematological indices, serum cholesterol and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets with palm oil sludge substituting maize. Agric. Biol. J. North Am., 2: 552-558.
Swenson, M.J., 1984. Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals. 10th Edn., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Orawan, C. and W. Aengwanich, 2007. Blood cell characteristics, hematological values and average daily gained weight of Thai indigenous, Thai indigenous crossbred and broiler chickens. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 10: 302-309.
Smith, J.B. and S. Mangkoewidjojo, 1988. [Maintenance, Breeding and Using Animal Trials in the Tropics]. Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta, (In Indonesian).
Kamboh, A.A. and W.Y. Zhu, 2013. Effect of increasing levels of bioflavonoids in broiler feed on plasma anti-oxidative potential, lipid metabolites, and fatty acid composition of meat. Poult. Sci., 92: 454-461.
Aiura, F.S. and M.R.B. de Carvalho, 2007. Body lipid deposition in Nile tilapia fed on rations containing tannin. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 42: 51-56.
Afrose, S., M.S. Hossain, T. Maki and H. Tsujii, 2010. Hypocholesterolemic response to Karaya saponin and Rhodobacter capsulatus in broiler chickens. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 23: 733-741.
Zern, T.L., K.L. West and M.L. Fernandez, 2003. Grape polyphenols decrease plasma triglycerides and cholesterol accumulation in the aorta of ovariectomized guinea pigs. J. Nutr., 133: 2268-2272.
Adenowo, A.F., M.F. Ilori, F.O. Balogun and M.I. Kazeem, 2014. Protective effect of ethanol leaf extract of Carica papaya Linn (Caricaceae) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 13: 1877-1882.
Aljamal, A., 2010. Effects of bay leaves on blood glucose and lipid profiles on the patients with type 1 diabetes. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., 69: 211-214.
Husain, I., R. Chander, J.K. Saxena, A.A. Mahdi and F. Mahdi, 2015. Antidyslipidemic effect of ocimum sanctum leaf extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Indian J. Clin. Biochem., 30: 72-77.
Wang, M.Y., L. Peng, V. Weidenbacher-Hoper, S. Deng, G. Anderson and B.J. West, 2012. Noni juice improves serum lipid profiles and other risk markers in cigarette smokers. Sci. World J., Vol. 2012.
Basmacioglu, H. and M. Ergul, 2005. Research on the factors affecting cholesterol content and some other characteristics of eggs in laying hens: The effects of genotype and rearing system. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 29: 157-164.
Musa, H.H., G.H. Chen, J.H. Cheng and G.M. Yousif, 2008. Relation between abdominal fat and serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein concentrations in chicken breeds. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 31: 375-379.
Prasad, R., M.K. Rose, M. Virmani, S.L. Garg and J.P. Puri, 2009. Lipid profile of chicken (Gallus domesticus) in response to dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum). Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8: 270-276.
Daneshyar, M., M.A. Ghandkanlo, F.S. Bayeghra, F. Farhangpajhoh and M. Aghaei, 2011. Effects of dietary turmeric supplementation on plasma lipoproteins, meat quality and fatty acid composition in broilers. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 41: 420-428.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
