Broiler Chick Body Weight and Lipid Compositional Changes of the Yolk Sac and Liver as Influenced by Dietary Fat Sources
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2013.545.549Keywords:
Broiler chicks, dietary fat, lipid changes, yolk sac membraneAbstract
A study to determine the effects of dietary fat composition and post-hatching age on lipid changes of the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and the liver. Two groups of ninety-day-old male broiler chicks were fed diets containing a saturated fat (tallow oil) Diet 1 and unsaturated fat (soybean oil) Diet 2 for two weeks. Twelve birds from each treatment were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 14 post-hatch and samples of the YSM, liver and gall bladder bile were collected. Weight changes of the chick and tissues and also lipid composition were determined during the experimental period. About 75% decrease in YSM weight occurred during the first 3 days post-hatch and it was negligible by day 9 post-hatch in both groups. Triglycerides (TG) was the major lipid component of the YSM at day 1 post-hatch (>60% of total lipid) but had declined to less than 2% on day 12 post-hatch. The decreases in TG were accompanied by significant increases of cholesterol esters (CE). These changes were not affected by dietary treatment. The liver constituted 3 and 6% of chick body weight at hatching and at day 6 post-hatch respectively and remained constant thereafter. Changes in total lipid content and lipid composition were noted and were influenced by both dietary fat composition and post-hatching age. It was concluded from these this study major lipid compositional changes occur in the chick body tissues following hatching and these changes are influenced to some extent by dietary composition.
References
Akiba, Y., H. Murakami, M. Takanega and M. Horiguchi, 1988. Developmental changes post-hatch of metabolic efficiency of energy utilization and digestive enzymes in broiler chicks. Proceedings of the 18th World's Poultry Congress, September 4-9, 1988, Nagoya, Japan, pp: 360-362.
Annison, E.F., 1983. Lipid metabolism. In: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, Bell, D.J. and B.M. Freeman (Eds.). Academic Press, London, pp: 165-174.
Chamblee, T.N., J.D. Brake, C.D. Schultz and J.P. Thaxton, 1991. Growth response of broiler chicks as related to dietary fat level and deutectomy. Poult. Sci., 70 (Suppl.1): 152-152.
Christie, W.W., R.C. Noble and J.H. Moore, 1970. Determination of lipid classes by a gas chromatography procedure. Analyst, 95: 940-945.
Daly, K.R. and R.A. Peterson, 1990. The effect of age of breeder hens on residual yolk fat and serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations of day old broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 69: 1394-1398.
Entemann, C., F.W. Lorenz and I.L. Chaikoff, 1940. The lipid content of blood, liver and yolk sac of the newly hatched chick and changes that occur in these tissues during the first month of life. J. Biol. Chem., 133: 231-241.
Giordani, G., G.F. Urrai, E. Garrela and G. Lercker, 1988. Supplemental fat in broiler diets. 1. Effects on tissue parameters. Proceedings of the 18th World's Poultry Congress, September 4-9, 1988, Nagoya, Japan, pp: 213-215.
Hill, K.J., 1983. Physiology of the Digestive Tract. In: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, Freeman, B.M. (Ed.)., Academic Press, London, pp: 37-39.
Jain, S.K., P.E. Lindahl and O. Svanberg, 1972. Utilization of yolk cholesterol in developing embryo. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 85: 118-125.
Khan, K.A., S.A. Khan, S. Hamid, A. Aslam and M. Rabbani, 2002. A study on the pathogenesis of yolk retention in broiler chicks. Pak. Vet. J., 22: 175-180.
Knizetova, H., B. Knizi and J. Cerveny, 1989. Size of yolk sac in waterfowl and changes during 24 hours after hatching. Proceedings of International Symposium on Waterfowl Production, the Satellite Conference for the 18th World's Poultry Congress, September 11-18, 1989, Beijing, China, pp: 242-245.
Klopfenstein, C.F. and R.E. Clegg, 1980. Effects of ascorbic acid, Vitamin E and fatty acids on lipid composition in cockerels. Poult. Sci., 59: 2267-2272.
Latour, M.A., E.D. Peebles, C.R. Boyle and J.D. Brake, 1994. The effects of dietary fat on growth performance, carcass composition and feed efficiency in the broiler chick. Poult. Sci., 73: 1362-1369.
Leveille, G.A., D.R. Romsos, Y. Yeh and E.K. O'Hea, 1975. Lipid biosynthesis in the chick. A consideration of site of synthesis, influence of diet and possible regulatory mechanisms. Poult. Sci., 54: 1075-1093.
Marion, J.E., 1965. Effects of age and dietary fats on the lipids of chicken muscle. J. Nutr., 85: 38-44.
Murakami, H., Y. Akiba and M. Horiguchi, 1988. Nutritional aspects in early growth post-hatch of broiler chicks. Proceedings of the 18th World's Poultry Congress, September 4-9, 1988, Nagoya, Japan, pp: 970-971.
Nir, I., Z. Nitsan and G. Ben-Avraham, 1988. Development of the intestine, digestive enzymes and internal organs the newly hatched chick. Proceedings of the 18th World's Poultry Congress, September 4-9, 1988, Nagoya, Japan, pp: 861-864.
Noble, R.C. and J.H. Moore, 1967. The liver phospholipids of the developing chick embryo. Can. J. Biochem., 45: 627-639.
Noble, R.C. and K. Connor, 1984. A unique lipid pattern associated with gall bladder bile of the chick embryo. Lipids, 19: 64-67.
Noble, R.C., K. Connor and R. McCartney, 1988. Comparative study of the lipid composition of the liver and bile from broiler birds during growth and egg laying. Res. Vet. Sci., 44: 33-47.
Noble, R.C. and D. Ogunyemi, 1989. Lipid changes in the residual yolk and liver of the chick immediately after hatching. Biol. Neonate, 56: 228-236.
Rogel, A.M. and B.A. Watkins, 1987. Liver subcellular fatty acid profiles of chicks fed diets containing hydrogenated fats and varying linoleate levels. Lipids, 22: 637-642.
Romanoff, A.L., 1960. The Avian Embryo: Structural and Functional Development. MacMillian Press, New York, USA.
Shand, J.H. and R.C. Noble, 1980. Quantification of lipid mass by a liquid scintillation counting procedure following charring on thin layer plates. Anal. Biochem., 101: 427-434.
Shapira, N., I. Nir and P. Budowski, 1978. Effect of glucose and oil supplementation on lipogenic enzymes in overfed chicks. J. Nutr., 108: 490-496.
Sim, J.S., B.D. Bragg and G.C. Hodgson, 1973. Effect of dietary tallow and vegetable oil on fatty acid composition of egg yolk, adipose tissue and liver of laying hens. Poult. Sci., 52: 51-57.
Skewes, P.A., H.R. Wilson and F.B. Mather, 1988. Correlation among egg weight, chick weight and yolk sac weight in Bobwhite quail. Florida Scient., 51: 159-162.
Svanberg, O., 1971. The distribution of the yolk cholesterol in the young chick. An autoradiographic study. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 83: 373-381.
Yadgary, L., A. Cahaner, O. Kedar and Z. Uni, 2010. Yolk sac nutrient composition and fat uptake in late-term embryos in eggs from young and old broiler breeder hens. Poult. Sci., 89: 2441-2452.
Zehava, U. and R.H. Smith, 2011. Embryo physiology during last incubation period and in egg nutrition. http://en.engormix.com/MA-poultry-industry/management/forums/embryo-physiology-during-last-t5100/124-p0.htm.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
