Maximum Profit Feed Formulation of Broilers: >2. Comparison among Different Nutritional Models
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2009.216.228Keywords:
Broiler feed, carcass quality, economic nutrient requirementsAbstract
Four economic nutritional models including a constant calorie-nutrient ratio (C-E:P), a variable calorie-protein ratio (V-E:Pg), a constant protein-amino acid ratio (DBP) and a variable calorie-protein ratio for the finisher period (V-E:Pd) were compared in terms of relative performance, economic nutrient requirements and profitability based on relative performance expressed as a function of nutrients, relative or real prices of feedstuffs and broilers and maximum profit feed formulation. The relative body weight or feed intake in response to nutrient contents tended to increase or decrease respectively with particular differences for each model. The economic nutrient requirements were different for each model such as 3.139 Mcal/kg for C-E:P, 2.968 Mcal/kg and 20.7% of protein for V-E:Pg model, 22.44% of protein for DBP model, 3.167 Mcal/kg for V-E:Pd and 3.134 Mcal/kg for C-E:P-3.15 model. As the price of broilers or corn increased, the energy or protein content was increased for C-E:P, V-E:Pg and DBP models except the energy level of V-E:Pg model. However, as the Soybean Meal (SBM) or poultry oil price increased, the energy or protein content was reduced for the three models indicated above except the energy level of V-E:Pg model. Energy levels of the V-E:Pd model were kept almost constant as the broiler or ingredient price raised. Under relative price of feedstuffs and broilers the best profits depended on the model used, being more economical when the broiler or corn price increased for the C-E:P or DBP models respectively. The best profitability using real price of broiler, corn or SBM for twelve months came from the C-E:P model followed by the DBP model. From the two models, V-E:Pd and C-E:P-3.15 models, the V-E:Pd model had the best benefit but with a narrow range of growth response and economic conditions. These data suggest that the C-E:P model is the best method of formulation to maximize performance or profitability; however, for some corn price variation the DBP model can be more profitable though the carcass quality can be negatively affected.
References
Bartov, I., S. Bornstein and B. Lipstin, 1974. Effect of calorie to protein ratio on the degree of fatness in broilers fed on practical diet. Br. Poult. Sci., 15: 107-117.
Cerrate, S. and P. Waldroup, 2009. Maximum profit feed formulation of broilers: 1. Development of a feeding program model to predict profitability using non linear programming. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8: 205-215.
Combs, G.F. and J.L. Nicholson, 1964. Testing energy, amino acid and protein level specifications for linear programming of broiler rations. Feedstuffs, 36: 17-19.
CVB, 2000. Veevoedertabel [Feeding value of ingredients]. Centraal Veevoeder Bureau, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
Donaldson, W.E., G.F. Combs, G.L. Romoser and W.C. Supplee, 1957. Studies on energy levels in poultry rations. 2. Tolerance of growing chicks to dietary fat. Poult. Sci., 36: 807-815.
Dozier III, W.A., C.J. Price, M.T. Kidd, A. Corzo, J. Anderson and S.L. Branton, 2006. Growth performance, meat yield and economic responses of broilers fed diets varying in metabolizable energy from thirty to fifty-nine days of age. J. Applied Poult. Res., 15: 367-382.
Eits, R.M., G.W.J. Giesen, R.P. Kwakkel, M.W.A. Verstegen and L.A. Den-Hartog, 2005. Dietary balanced protein in broiler chickens. 2. An economic analysis. Br. Poult. Sci., 46: 310-317.
Eits, R.M., R.P. Kwakkel, M.W.A. Verstegen and L.A. Den-Hartog, 2005. Dietary balanced protein in broiler chickens. 1. A flexible and practical tool to predict dose-response curves. Br. Poult. Sci., 46: 300-309.
Fisher, C. and B.J. Wilson, 1974. Response to Dietary Energy Concentration by Growing Chickens. In: Energy Requirements of Poultry, Morris, T.R. and B.M. Freeman (Eds.). British Poultry Science Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland, pp: 151-184.
Gonzalez-Alcorta, M.J., J.H. Dorfman and G.M. Pesti, 1994. Maximizing profit in broiler production as prices change: A simple approximation with practical value. Agribusiness, 10: 389-399.
Guevara, V.R., 2004. Use of nonlinear programming to optimize performance response to energy density in broiler feed formulation. Poult. Sci., 83: 147-151.
Hidalgo, M.A., W.A. Dozier III, A.J. Davis and R.W. Gordon, 2004. Live performance and meat yield responses of broilers to progressive concentrations of dietary energy maintained at a constant metabolizable energy-to-crude protein ratio. J. Applied Poult., 13: 319-327.
Jackson, S., J.D. Summers and S. Leeson, 1982. Effect of dietary protein and energy on broiler performance and production costs. Poult. Sci., 61: 2232-2240.
Leeson, S., L. Caston and J.D. Summers, 1996. Broiler responses to energy or energy and protein dilution in the finisher diet. Poult. Sci., 75: 522-528.
Leveille, G.A., D.R. Romsos, Y. Yeh and E.K. O'Hea, 1975. Lipid biosynthesis in the chick. A consideration of site of synthesis, influence of diet and possible regulatory mechanisms. Poult. Sci., 54: 1075-1093.
Mabray, C.J. and P.W. Waldroup, 1981. The influence of dietary energy and amino levels on abdominal fat pad development of the broiler chicken. Poult. Sci., 60: 151-159.
Mack, S., D. Bercovici, G. de Groote, B. Leclercq and M. Lippens et al., 1999. Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specification for broiler chickens of 20-40 days of age. Br. Poult. Sci., 40: 257-265.
Pesti, G.M. and B.R. Miller, 1997. Modeling for precision nutrition. J. Applied Poult., 6: 483-494.
Pesti, G.M. and D.L. Fletcher, 1983. The response of male broiler chickens to diets with various protein and energy contents during the growing phase. Br. Poult. Sci., 24: 90-99.
Pesti, G.M., R.A. Arraes and B.R. Miller, 1986. Use of the quadratic growth response to dietary protein and energy concentrations in least-cost feed formulation. Poult. Sci., 64: 1040-1051.
Petersen, V.E., 1971. The protein-energy ratio in the diet and its influence on gain, feed conversion and fat deposition in broiler chickens. Proceeding of the 14th World`s Poultry Congress, (WPC`71), Madrid, Spain, pp: 1025-1031.
Petersen, V.E., 1975. The influence of energy content and protein/energy ratio of the feed on gain, feed conversion and slaughter yield of broilers. Report of The National Institute of Animal Science, Denmark.
Saleh, E.A., S.E. Watkins, A.L. Waldroup and P.W. Waldroup, 2004. Effects of dietary nutrient density on performance and carcass quality of male broilers grown for further processing. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 1-10.
Skinner, J.I., A.L. Waldroup and P.W. Waldroup, 1992. Effects of dietary nutrient density on performance and carcass quality of broiler; 42 to 45 of age. J. Applied Poultry Res., 1: 367-372.
Sterling, K.G., D.V. Vedenov, G.M. Pesti and R.I. Bakalli, 2005. Economically optimal dietary crude protein and lysine levels for starting broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 84: 29-36.
Surisdiarto and D.J. Farrell, 1991. The relationship between dietary crude protein and dietary lysine requirement by broiler chicks on diets with and without the `ideal` amino acid balance. Poult. Sci., 74: 488-493.
Thomas, O.P., M.T. Farran and C.B. Tamplin, 1992. Broiler nutrition update. Proceedings of the Maryland Nutrition Conference, (MNC`92), University of Maryland, College Park, MD., pp: 45-53.
Waldroup, P.W., R.J. Mitchell, J.R. Payne and Z.B. Johnson, 1976. Characterization of the response of broiler chicken to diets varying in nutrient density content. Poult. Sci., 55: 130-145.
Wells, R.G., 1963. The relationship between dietary energy level, food consumption and growth in broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 4: 161-168.
Wijtten, P.J.A., R. Prak, A. Lemme and D.J. Langhout, 2004. Effect of different dietary ideal protein concentrations on broiler performance. Br. Poult. Sci., 45: 504-511.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
