Combined Effect of Methionine, Lysine and Neem Leaf Meal Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Oxidative Status of Finishing Broilers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2023.165.173Keywords:
Antioxidant activity, broiler, growth, lysine, methionine, neem leavesAbstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet supplemented with methionine, lysine and neem leaves on growth parameters, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and oxidative status of the liver and the pectoralis muscle of broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 broilers (21 days of age, weighing 431.21±50.62 g), were used in this study. Chicks were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments and 3 replicates of 15 chicks. Group 1 received a standard diet, group 2 received a diet supplemented with lysine (0.7%) and methionine (0.3%), group 3 received a diet supplemented with neem leaves (0.25%) and group 4 received a diet supplemented with lysine/methionine and neem leaves. Feed intake and live body weight were recorded weekly. At 42 days of age, three birds per replicate were randomly selected and fasted for 12 hrs, weighed and slaughtered and blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Liver and muscle samples were also collected for biochemical analyses. Results: Diet supplemented with methionine/lysine or neem leaves did not affect feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The diet supplemented with methionine/lysine and neem leaves significantly increased (p<0.05) the body weight proportion of abdominal fat, bursa and the serum level of globulin. The relative weight of the spleen was increased (p<0.05) with the dietary supplementation of methionine/lysine or neem leaves alone. The serum level of total cholesterol was decreased (p<0.05) in broilers fed on the diet supplemented only with neem leaves. The levels of total protein and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities were increased (p<0.05) in the liver and muscle of chicken fed on the diet supplemented with neem leaves and lysine/methionine. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were increased (p<0.05) in the liver with neem leaves and in the muscle of broilers with lysine/methionine. Irrespective of organs, broilers fed on the non-supplemented diet showed the highest levels (p<0.05) of malondialdehyde (MDA). Diet supplemented with lysine/methionine decreased (p<0.05) red blood cells count and pack cell volume. Conclusion: The combined supplementation of neem leaves (0.25%) and methionine/lysine (0.3%/0.7%) to the diet improved immunity and the antioxidant capacity in broilers without affecting growth performance.
References
Radulovic, S., D. Sefer, Z. Jokic, R. Markovic, D. Peric and M. Lukic, 2021. Restrictive nutrition and compensatory growth of broilers: Impact on growth production results and carcass characteristics. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., Vol. 854.
Hadaeghi, M., C. Avilés-Ramírez, A. Seidavi, L. Asadpour, N. Núñez-Sánchez and A.L. Martínez-Marín, 2020. Improvement in broiler performance by feeding a nutrient-dense diet after a mild feed restriction. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecuarias, 34: 189-199.
Sigolo, S., E. Deldar, A. Seidavi, M. Bouyeh, A. Gallo and A. Prandini, 2019. Effects of dietary surpluses of methionine and lysine on growth performance, blood serum parameters, immune responses, and carcass traits of broilers. J. Applied Anim. Res., 47: 146-153.
Jankowski, J., B. Tykałowski, K. Ognik, A. Koncicki, M. Kubińska and Z. Zduńczyk, 2018. The effect of different dietary levels of DL-methionine and DL-hydroxy analogue on the antioxidant status of young Turkeys infected with the haemorrhagic enteritis virus. BMC Vet. Res., Vol. 14.
Araújo, L., O. Junqueira, C. Araújo, D. Faria and M. Andreotti, 2004. Different criteria of feed formulation for broilers aged 43 to 49 days. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avícola, 6: 61-64.
Pirzado, S.A., A.S. Mangsi, G.A. Mughal, M. Tariq, D.H. Kalhoro, G.B. Khaskheli and G.S. Barham, 2016. Effect of lysine supplementation on growth and carcass yield of broilers. Sci. Int., 28: 3861-3864.
Ghoreyshi, S., B. Omri, R. Chalghoumi, M. Bouyeh and A. Seidavi et al., 2019. Effects of dietary supplementation of l-carnitine and excess lysine-methionine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and immunity markers of broiler chicken. Animals, Vol. 9.
Zhai, W., L.F. Araujo, S.C. Burgess, A.M. Cooksey, K. Pendarvis, Y. Mercier and A. Corzo, 2012. Protein expression in pectoral skeletal muscle of chickens as influenced by dietary methionine. Poult. Sci., 91: 2548-2555.
El-Hack, M.E.A., M.T. El-Saadony, H.M. Salem, A.M. El-Tahan and M.M. Soliman et al., 2022. Alternatives to antibiotics for organic poultry production: Types, modes of action and impacts on bird's health and production. Poult. Sci., Vol. 101.
Kabir, M.H., S.D. Chowdhury, H. Seal, P.K. Sarkar and M. Giasuddin, 2007. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract in drinking water on the performance and health status of cockerels. Bangladesh Veterinarian, 24: 130-137.
Alzohairy, M.A., 2016. Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evidence-Based Complementary Altern. Med., Vol. 2016.
Lal. G.S. and A.K. Panda, 2019. Impact of neem leaf meal as a feed supplement in poultry. Nur. Agric. World, 2019: 76-81.
Ansari, J.Z., A. Haq, M. Yousaf, T. Ahmad and S. Khan, 2008. Evaluation of different medicinal plants as growth promoters for broiler chicks. Sarhad J. Agric., 24: 323-330.
Landy, N., G. Ghalamkari and M. Toghyani, 2011. Performance, carcass characteristics, and immunity in broiler chickens fed dietary neem (Azadirachta indica) as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. Livest. Sci., 142: 305-309.
Nayakabr, H., B. Umakanthabr, S. Rubanbr and H. DbrNarayanaswamy, 2013. Performance and hematological parameters of broilers fed neem, turmeric, vitamin E and their combinations. Emir. J. Food Agric., 25: 483-488.
Zahid, J., Y. MUHAMMAD, M. ur Rehman, M. Azhar and M. Rashad et al., 2013. Effect of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) on immunity of commercial broilers against new castle disease and infectious bursal disease. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 8: 4596-4603.
AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA., pp: 200-210.
Campbell, J.R., M.D. Kenealy and K.L. Campbell, 2009. Animal Sciences: The Biology, Care, and Production of Domestic Animals. 4th Edn., Waveland Press, San Francisco, Pages: 510.
Gornall, A.G., C.J. Bardawill and M.M. David, 1949. Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. J. Biol. Chem., 177: 751-766.
Misra, H.P. and I. Fridovich, 1972. Determination of the Level of Superoxide Dismutase in whole Blood. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp: 101-109.
Ellman, G.L., 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 82: 70-77.
Wilbur, K.M., 1949. The Thiobarbituric acid reagent as a test for the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids by various agents. Arch. Biochem., 24: 305-313.
Sun, T., J. Tang and J.R. Powers, 2005. Effect of pectolytic enzyme preparations on the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 42-48.
Benzie, I.F.F. and J.J. Strain, 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": The FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem., 239: 70-76.
Shawky, S.M., S.I. Fathalla, I.S. Zahran, K.M. Gaafar, M.K. Hussein and I.S. Abu-Alya, 2020. Immunological stimulant effect of linseed oil and fennel oil supplemented diet on broilers. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., Vol. 8.
Udoumoh, A.F., I.C. Nwaogu, U.M. Igwebuike and I.R. Obidike, 2022. Pre-hatch and post-hatch development of the bursa of Fabricius in broiler chicken: A morphological study. Vet. Res. Forum, 13: 301-308.
Zaefarian, F., M.R. Abdollahi, A. Cowieson and V. Ravindran, 2019. Avian liver: The forgotten organ. Animals, Vol. 9, No. 2.
Beuth, J., H. Schneider and H.L. Ko, 2006. Enhancement of immune responses to neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) correlates with antineoplastic activity in BALB/c-mice. In Vivo, 20: 247-251.
Shraddha, D.S., P. Visha and K. Nanjappan, 2017. Effects of dietary chitosan and neem leaf meal supplementation on digestive enzyme activities and fat deposition in broiler chickens. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Applied Sci., 6: 469-475.
Whitfield, J.B., 2001. Gamma glutamyl transferase. Crit. Rev. Cin. Lab. Sci., 38: 263-355.
Lee, D.H., R. Blomhoff and D.R. Jacobs, 2004. Is serum gamma glutamyltransferase a marker of oxidative stress? Free Radical Res., 38: 535-539.
El-Wah, A.A., A. Aziza and M. El-Adl, 2015. Impact of dietary excess methionine and lysine with or without addition of l-carnitine on performance, blood lipid profile and litter quality in broilers. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 10: 191-202.
Nakamura, K., A. Katafuchi, S. Shimamoto, G. Ogawa and N. Khandelwal et al., 2022. Effects of a dried neem leaf extract on the growth performance, meat yield and meat quality in skeletal muscle of broiler chickens under high-temperature conditions. Front. Anim. Sci., Vol. 3.
Sun, L., H. Dong, W. Zhang, N. Wang, N. Ni, X. Bai and N. Liu, 2021. Lipid peroxidation, GSH depletion, and SLC7A11 inhibition are common causes of emt and ferroptosis in a549 cells, but different in specific mechanisms. DNA Cell Biol., 40: 172-183.
Lugata, J.K., A.D.S.V. Ortega and C. Szabó, 2022. The role of methionine supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant status of poultry-A review. Agriculture, Vol. 12.
Nikolova, G., J. Ananiev, V. Ivanov, K. Petkova-Parlapanska, E. Georgieva and Y. Karamalakova, 2022. The Azadirachta indica (neem) seed oil reduced chronic redox-homeostasis imbalance in a mice experimental model on ochratoxine a-induced hepatotoxicity. Antioxidants, Vol. 11.
Mavrommatis, A., E. Giamouri, E.D. Myrtsi, E. Evergetis and K. Filippi et al., 2021. Antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with vinification by-products: A valorization approach. Antioxidants, Vol. 10.
Santos-Sánchez, G., I. Cruz-Chamorro, A.I. Álvarez-Ríos, J.M. Fernández-Santos and M.V. Vázquez-Román et al., 2021. Lupinus angustifolius protein hydrolysates reduce abdominal adiposity and ameliorate metabolic associated fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in western diet fed-ApoE−/− mice. Antioxidants, Vol. 10.
Luger, D., D. Shinder, D. Wolfenson and S. Yahav, 2003. Erythropoiesis regulation during the development of ascites syndrome in broiler chickens: a possible role of corticosterone. J. Anim. Sci., 81: 784-790.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
