Influence of Early Heat Conditioning and Betaine or Ammonium Chloride Supplementation on Performance and Physiological Parameters of Quail Chicks in Hot Climate
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2019.562.569Keywords:
Ammonium chloride, betaine, growth performance, heat conditioning, heat stress, quail chicksAbstract
Objective: This study was designed to determine the effects of early heat conditioning and betaine or ammonium chloride supplementation on growth performance and physiological parameters of quail chicks in hot climate. Materials and Methods: A total of 600-one day old quail chicks were divided into two groups, the first served as a control (non-conditioning) and the second exposed to early age heat condition (40±1ºC for 24 h at the 5th day of age). Then each group were divided into three subgroups, the first was fed the basal diet and served as a control, the second was fed the basal diet supplemented with betaine (1.5 g kg–1) and the third was fed the basal diet supplemented with ammonium chloride (0.5 g kg–1). Results: The results at 40 day of age showed that early heat conditioning with or without addition significantly (p<0.05) improved body weight and feed conversion ratio. The best improvement on performance was recorded for birds exposed to early heat conditioning and fed betaine or ammonium chloride supplemented diet. Addition of either betaine or ammonium chloride to quail diets resulted in a significant (p<0.05) improvement of blood measurements. Exposing quail to early heat conditioning resulted in a significant improvement of total plasma proteins, plasma globulin and the level of thyroid hormones. Addition of either betaine or ammonium chloride has improved level of plasma protein fractions and antioxidant status compared to the control. Conclusion: It could be concluded that using early heat conditioning coupled with betaine or ammonium chloride supplementation gave more beneficial effects on performance and blood parameters.
References
Alagawany, M., M.R. Farag, M.E. Abd El-Hack and A. Patra, 2017. Heat stress: Effects on productive and reproductive performance of quail. World's Poult. Sci. J., 73: 747-756.
Alhanof, A., A. Abdelqader, M. Abuajamieh and A.R. Al-Fataftah, 2017. The effect of heat stress on intestinal integrity and Salmonella invasion in broiler birds. J. Therm. Biol., 70: 9-14.
Abudabos, A.M., A.H. Alyemni, Y.M. Dafalla and R.U. Khan, 2016. The effect of phytogenic feed additives to substitute in-feed antibiotics on growth traits and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23: 24151-24157.
Khan, R.U., N. Chand and A. Akbar, 2016. Effect of organic acids on the performance of Japanese quails. Pak. J. Zool., 48: 1799-1803.
Alzawqari, M.H., A.A. Al-Baddany, H.H. Al-Baadani, I.A. Alhidary, R.U. Khan, G.M. Aqil and A. Abdurab, 2016. Effect of feeding dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaves on growth performance, carcass traits, serum metabolites and antioxidant status in broiler during the finisher phase. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23: 17077-17082.
Farghly, M.F.A., M. Alagawany and M.E. Abd El-Hack, 2017. Feeding time can alleviate negative effects of heat stress on performance, meat quality and health status of Turkey. Br. Poult. Sci., 59: 205-210.
Farghly, M.F.A., M.E. Abd El-Hack, M. Alagawany, I.M. Saadeldin and A.A. Swelum, 2018. Wet feed and cold water as heat stress modulators in growing Muscovy ducklings. Poult. Sci., 97: 1588-1594.
Gouda, A., M.M.A. El-Moniary, E.F. Eldaly, I. El-Wardany and A.A. Hemid, 2017. Physiological responses of broiler chickens as influenced by early age heat conditioning and dietary antioxidant supplementation. Egypt. J. Nutr. Feeds, 20: 165-180.
El-Moniary, M.M.A., A.A. Hemid, I. El-Wardany, A.E. Gehad and A. Gouda, 2010. The effect of early age heat conditioning and some feeding programs for heat-stressed broiler chicks on: 1-Productive performance. World J. Agric. Sci., 6: 689-695.
Rashid, H.O.S., E.E.M. Huwaida and A.Y. Ibrahim, 2012. Effect of dietary protein level and strain on growth performance of heat stressed broiler chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 11: 649-653.
Metzler-Zebeli, B.U., M. Eklund and R. Mosenthin, 2009. Impact of osmoregulatory and methyl donor functions of betaine on intestinal health and performance in poultry. World's Poult. Sci. J., 65: 419-441.
Rao, S.V.R., M.V.L.N. Raju, A.K. Panda, P. Saharia and G.S. Sunder, 2011. Effect of supplementing betaine on performance, carcass traits and immune responses in broiler chicken fed diets containing different concentrations of methionine. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 24: 662-669.
Ratriyanto, A., R. Mosenthin, E. Bauer and M. Eklund, 2009. Metabolic, osmoregulatory and nutritional functions of betaine in monogastric animals. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 22: 1461-1476.
Hamidi, H., R. Jahanian and J. Pourreza, 2010. Effect of dietary betaine on performance, immunocompetence and gut contents osmolarity of broilers challenged with a mixed coccidial infection. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 5: 193-201.
Abd El-Gawad, A.H., M.M.A. El-Moniary and A.A. Hemid, 2005. Dietary supplementation of betaine as an attempt to alleviate the effects of heat stress on broiler chicks. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 30: 3585-3598.
Singh, A.K., T.K. Ghosh, D.C. Creswell and S. Haldar, 2015. Effects of supplementation of betaine hydrochloride on physiological performances of broilers exposed to thermal stress. Open Access Anim. Physiol., 7: 111-120.
Borgatti, L.M.O., R. Albuquerque, N.C. Meister, L.W.O. Souza, F.R. Lima and M.A. Trindade Neto, 2004. Performance of broilers fed diets with different dietary electrolyte balance under summer conditions. Braz. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 153-157.
Keskin, E. and Z. Durgun, 1997. Effects of supplemental NaHCO3 KCL, CaCL2, NH4CL and CaSO4, on acid base balance, weight gain and feed intake in Japanese quails exposed to constant chronic heat stress. Pak. Vet. J., 17: 60-64.
Henry, R.J., 1974. Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Techniques. 2nd Edn., Harper and Row, New York, USA., ISBN-13: 9780061411816, Pages: 1629.
Doumas, B.T., W.A. Watson and H.G. Biggs, 1971. Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromcresol green. Clin. Chim. Acta, 31: 87-96.
Akiba, Y., L.S. Jensen, C.R. Barb and R.R. Kraeling, 1982. Plasma estradiol, thyroid hormones and liver lipid content in laying hens fed different isocaloric diets. J. Nutr., 112: 299-308.
Koracevic, D., G. Koracevic, V. Djordjevic, S. Andrejevic and V. Cosic, 2001. Method for the measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids. J. Clin. Pathol., 54: 356-361.
Aebi, H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. In: Methods in Enzymology, Packer, L. (Ed.), Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, ISBN: 978-0-12-182005-3, pp: 121-126.
Nishikimi, M., N.A. Rao and K. Yagi, 1972. The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 46: 849-854.
SAS., 2009. SAS User's Guide Statistics. Version 8, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Remus, J., 2002. Betaine may minimize effects of heat stress in broilers. Feedstuffs, 74: 11-13.
Wang, Y.Z., 2000. Effect of betaine on growth performance and carcass traits of meat ducks. J. Zhejiang Univ. Agric. Life Sci., 26: 347-352.
Ratriyanto, A., R. Indreswari and A.M.P. Nuhriawangsa, 2017. Effects of dietary protein level and betaine supplementation on nutrient digestibility and performance of Japanese quails. Braz. J. Poult. Sci., 19: 445-454.
Ratriyanto, A., R. Mosenthin, D. Jezierny and M. Eklund, 2010. Effect of graded levels of dietary betaine on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and intestinal bacterial metabolites in piglets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 94: 788-796.
Ahmad, T., M. Sarwar, Mahr-un-Nisa, Ahsan-ul-Haq and Zia-ul-Hasan, 2005. Influence of varying sources of dietary electrolytes on the performance of broilers reared in a high temperature environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 120: 277-298.
Youssef, A.W., A. Gouda, M.M. El-Moniary, Y. Hamouda and H.M.A. Hassan, 2019. Synergistic effects of early age heat conditioning and ammonium chloride supplementation in Japanese quail during hot climate. Biosci. Res., (In Press).
El-Wardany, I., M.M.A. El-Moniary, A.A. Hemid, A.E. Gehad and A. Gouda, 2012. The effect of early age heat conditioning and some feeding programs for heat-stressed broiler chicks on: 2-Physiology responses. Egypt. J. Nutr. Feeds, 15: 265-277.
Hemid, A.A., I. El-Wardany, M.M.A. El-Moniary, A.E. Gehad and A. Gouda, 2013. The effect of early age heat conditioning and some feeding programs for heat-stressed broiler chicks on: 3-Immunological responses. Egypt. J. Nutr. Feeds, 16: 297-308.
Lin, H., E. Decuypere and J. Buyse, 2006. Acute heat stress induces oxidative stress in broiler chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Mol. Integr. Physiol., 144: 11-17.
Yardibi, H. and G. Turkay, 2008. The effects of vitamin E on the antioxidant system, egg production, and egg quality in heat stressed laying hens. Turk. J. Anim. Sci., 32: 319-325.
Enting, H., J. Eissen, J. De Los Mozos, A.G. Del Alamo and P.P. De Ayala, 2007. TNIBetain improves broiler chicken performance and carcass quality under heat stress conditions. Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, August 26-30, 2007, Strasbourg, France, pp: 297-300.
Mashaly, M.M., G.L. Hendricks, M.A. Kalama, A.E. Gehad, A.O. Abbas and P.H. Patterson, 2004. Effect of heat stress on production parameters and immune responses of commercial laying hens. Poult. Sci., 83: 889-894.
Nofal, M.E., A.G. Magda, S. Mousa, M.M.Y. Doaa and A.M.A. Bealsh, 2015. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on productive, physiological and immunological performance and carcass characteristic of growing developed chicks under the condition of heat stress. Egypt. Poult. Sci. J., 35: 237-259.
Gudev, D., S. Popova-Ralcheva, I. Ianchev and P. Moneva, 2011. Effect of betaine and air ammonia concentration on broiler performance, plasma corticosterone level, lymphoid organ weights and some haematological indices. Biotechnol. Anim. Husbandry, 27: 687-703.
Melesse, A., S. Maak, R. Schmidt and G. von Lengerken, 2011. Effect of long-term heat stress on key enzyme activities and T3 levels in commercial layer hens. Int. J. Livest. Prod., 2: 107-116.
Ahmad, T., T. Khalid, T. Mushtaq, M.A. Mirza, A. Nadeem, M.E. Babar and G. Ahmad, 2008. Effect of potassium chloride supplementation in drinking water on broiler performance under heat stress conditions. Poult. Sci., 87: 1276-1280.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
