Substituting Soybean Meal with Fermented Leaves and Seeds of Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis): Effects on Carcass Percentage, Abdominal Fat Percentage and Meat-to-Bone Ratio in Broiler Chickens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2019.416.422Keywords:
Abdominal fat, broiler rations, dietary protein, rubber leaves and seeds, soybean mealAbstract
Objective: This study aimed to reduce the use of imported feed ingredients and those competing with human food resources by using local conventional feed. Materials and Methods: This study included 480 day-old caged broiler chicks of the Cobb strain. Chicks were housed in colonies in wire cages. Each cage unit was equipped with a feeding area, a drinking area and an incandescent lamp. A completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications was employed. The data obtained were analysed using ANOVA and differences between treatments were tested by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). Treatments included a group fed control rations as well as groups fed FLSRT as a replacement for specific percentages (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of soybean meal. The observed variables included body weight gain, carcass percentage, meat-to-bone ratio, percentage of abdominal fat, percentage of ventricular weight and thickness of broiler chicken intestine. Results: The results showed that replacement of up to 80% of soybean meal protein with processed rubber leaves and seeds in broiler rations had no significant effect (p>0.05) on body weight, carcass percentage, or meat-to-bone ratio. However, measurements of these parameters under replacement with 100% processed rubber leaves and seeds differed significantly (p<0.01) from other treatments. Conclusion: Replacement of up to 80% of soybean meal with FLSRT resulted in increased body weight, higher carcass percentage and meat-to-bone ratio and a lower percentage of abdominal fat in comparison to replacement at the 0% concentration.
References
Amrullah, I.K., 2004. Broiler Chicken Nutrition. 1st Edn., Institution One Gunung Budi, Bogor.
Directorate General of Livestock, 2015. Book statistics ranch in 2014. DG. Livestock Production, Department of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Aritonang, D., 1986. Possible utilization of rubber seed in livestock feed. J. Livest. Res. Dev., 5: 72-78.
Syahruddin, E., R. Herawaty and R.W.S. Ningrat, 2014. Effect of substitution of leaves and seeds of rubber (Hevea brasilliensis) fermentation with soybean meal on the performance of broilers. Pak. J. Nutr., 13: 422-426.
Giok, L.T., Samsudin, Husaini and I. Tarwotjo, 1967. Nutritional value of rubber-seed protein. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 20: 1300-1303.
Wizna, Mirnawati, N. Jamarun and Y. Zuryani, 2000. Utilization of fermentation products seeds rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) with Rhizopus oligosporus in broiler rations. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, September 18-19, 2000, Faculty of Animal, Andalas University, Padang.
Toh, K.S. and S.K. Chia, 1977. Nutritional Value of Rubber Seed Meal in Live Stock in Southeast Asia. In: Feeding Stuff for Livestock in South-East Asia, Devendra, C. and R.I. Hutagalung (Eds.). Malaysian Society of Animal Production, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp: 345-351.
Bestari, J., 1984. The use of rubber seed flour (Hevea brasilliensis) on weight gain of broiler chickens. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia.
Syahruddin, E. and H. Rita, 2014. Giving fresh rubber leaves against performance broiler. Research Report, Faculty of Animal Husbandry Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia.
Orok, E.J. and J.P. Bowland, 1974. Prospect for the use of Rubber Seed Meal for Feeding Pigs and Poultry. In: Feedingstuff for Livestock in Southeast Asia, Devendra, C. and R.I. Hutagalung (Eds.). Malaysian Society of Animal Production, Malaysia, pp: 337-344.
Wiseman, A., 1980. Topics in Enzymeand Fermentation Biotechnology. Vol. 4. Ellis Hardwood Limited, Chichester, UK.
Fati, N., 1997. Influence of rice bran fermented with strains of Trichoderma selective against performance of broiler chickens. Graduate Thesis, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia.
Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Toorrie, 2012. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. 2nd Edn., McGrow Hill Int. Book Co., Singapore.
Wahju, J., 1992. Poultry Nutrition. 2nd Edn., Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Kompiang, J.P., J. Darma, T. Purwadaria, A.P. Sinurat and K. Supriyati, 1994. Protein enrichment: Cassava studies enrichment through. Biological Processes for Monogastric Animals, Annual Report, Cooperation Balitnak, P4N.
Garattini, S., S. Caccia, T. Mennini, R. Samanin, S. Consolo and H. Ladinsky, 1979. Biochemical pharmacology of the anorectic drug fenfluramine: A review. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 1: 15-27.
Succi, G., S. Pialorsi, L. Di Fiore and G. Cardini, 1980. The use of methanol-grown yeast LI-70 in feeds for broilers. Poult. Sci., 59: 1471-1479.
Soeharsono, M.T., 1989. Biochemistry. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Kompiang, I.P., A.P. Sinurat and Supriyati, 1995. Pengaruh protein enriched sagu/limbah terhadap kinerja ayam pedaging. Kumpulan Hasil-Hasil Penelitian APBN Tahun Anggaran 1994/1995. Balai Penelitian Ternak, pp: 490-498.
Siregar, A.P. and Suprawiro, 1980. Broiler Chicken Breeding Technique in Indonesia. Margie Group, Jakarta.
Nurhayati, Nelwida and Marsadayanti, 2005. The effect of using noni fruit flour in ration against broiler chick carcass. J. Indon. Trop. Anim. Agric., 30: 96-101.
Rasyaf, M., 2003. Seafood Broiler Chickens. Canisius, Yogyakarta.
Ketaren, P.P., A.P. Sinurat, D. Zaenuddin, T. Purwadari and I.P. Kompiang, 1999. Fermented and unfermented palm kernel cake as broiler chicken feed. J. Ilmu Ternak Venteriner, 4: 107-112.
North, M.O. and D. Bell, 1990. Commercial Chicken Production Manual. 4th Edn., Chapman and Hall, London.
Soeparno, 1992. Meat Science and Technology. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Widodo, W. Sirengat and E. Suprijatna, 2012. The effect of the long period of feeding on the growth rate on some parts of the body of the birds aged 1-11 weeks. Anim. Agric. J., 1: 120-125.
Solangi, A.A., G.M. Baloch, P.K. Wagan, B. Chachar and A. Memon, 2003. Effect of different levels of dietary protein on the grwoth of broiler. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 2: 301-304.
Qotimah, S., U. Santoso and E. Soetrisno, 2014. Effect of protein level and supplementation of katuk leaf extract (Sauropus androgynus) on broiler carcass quality. Indones. Anim. Sci. J., 9: 130-136.
Hamid, H., T. Purwadaria, T. Haryati and A.P. Sinurat, 1999. The changes of peroxide number of coconut meal during storage and fermentation processed with Aspergillus niger. J. Ilmu Ternak Veteriner, 4: 101-106.
Maurice, D.V. and L.S. Jensen, 1978. Effect of Fermentation By-Products (FBP) and levels of dietary-fat on liver lipid deposition in caged hens. Poult. Sci., 57: 1105-1106.
Jorgensen, H., X.Q. Zhao, K.E.B. Knudsen and B.O. Eggum, 1996. The influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr., 75: 379-395.
Akiba, Y. and T. Matsumoto, 1982. Effects of dietary fibers on lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue in chicks. J. Nutr., 112: 1577-1585.
Hough, J.C. and D.R. Bassett, 1975. Cholesterol kinetic analysis in normal and cholesterol-fed rabbits; effects of saturated versus polyunsaturated fat and of cholestyramine. J. Nutr., 105: 649-659.
Borgman, R.F. and F.B. Wardlaw, 1975. Serum cholesterol concentrations and cholelithiasis in rabbits as influenced by the form of dietary fat. Am. J. Vet. Res., 36: 93-95.
Febriyenti, 2001. Effect of sago delivery of sago differentiated with Rhizosphora sp. on broiler chicken digestive organs. Essay. Andalas University, Padang.
Putnam, P.A., 1991. Handbook of Animal Science. Academic Press, San Diego.
Syahruddin, E., 2000. Effect of various crude fiber levels in rations on the content of cholesterol and digestive organ of broiler chickens. J. Anim. Husbandry Environ., 6: 223-227.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
