Effects of Different Dietary Levels of Palm Pollen (Phoenix dactylifera L.) On the Humoral Immunity and Hematology of Broiler Blood
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2018.523.528Keywords:
Blood composition, blood protein, broiler, humoral immunity, palm pollenAbstract
Background and Objective: In this study, we evaluated the effects of palm pollen (pp) added to the diet of broiler chicks on the immune response against both Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease (IBDV) and blood protein. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six 1-35-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were distributed randomly in four treatment groups, with four replicates of six chicks in each replicate. Chicks whose initial weight was 38 g were purchased from a local hatchery in the holy city of Karbala. The following treatments were used: T1 (control) birds were administered a basal diet, T2 birds were administered a 2 g kg–1 diet, T3 birds were administered a 4 g kg–1 diet and T4 birds were administered a 6 g kg–1 diet. Results: The ELISA test titer revealed significant (p<0.05) differences among various treatment groups at the end of the experiment. Chicks fed a 4 g kg–1 palm pollen diet were found to have the highest serum total protein, albumen and globulin compared to the control group. The highest values of packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells and white blood cells in all treatments were found in chicks fed palm pollen. Conclusion: It was concluded that supplementation of palm pollen to the diets of broiler chicks improved humoral immunity and blood hematology.
References
Aboua, Y.G., S.S. Du Plessis, P. Reichgelt and N. Brooks, 2009. The in vitro effects of superoxide, some commercially available antioxidants and red palm oil on sperm motility. Asian J. Androl., 11: 695-702.
Ahmed, M.B., N.A. Hasona and A.H. Selemain, 2008. Protective effects of extract from dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and ascorbic acid on thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 7: 193-201.
Shariati, M., E. Sharifi and M. Kaveh, 2007. The effect of Phoenix dactylifera (date-palm) pit powder on testosterone level and germ cells in adult male rats. J. Zanjan Univ. Med. Sci. Health Serv., 15: 21-28.
Moshfegh, F., J. Baharara, F. Namvar, S. Zafar-Balanezhad, E. Amini and L. Jafarzadeh, 2016. Effects of date palm pollen on fertility and development of reproductive system in female Balb/C mice. J. HerbMed Pharmacol., 5: 23-28.
Bahmanpour, S., T. Talaei, Z. Vojdani, M.R. Panjehshahin, A. Poostpasand, S. Zareei and M. Ghaeminia, 2006. Effect of Phoenix dactylifera pollen on sperm parameters and reproductive system of adult male rats. Iran J. Med. Sci., 31: 208-212.
Al-Shahib, W. and R.J. Marshall, 2003. The fruit of the date palm: Its possible use as the best food for the future? Int. J. Food. Sci. Nutr., 54: 247-259.
Mansouri, A., G. Embarek, E. Kokkalou and P. Kefalas, 2005. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the Algerian ripe date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera). Food Chem., 89: 411-420.
Gu, L., M.A. Kelm, J.F. Hammerstone, G. Beecher, J. Holden, D. Haytowitz and R.L. Prior, 2003. Screening of foods containing proanthocyanidins and their structural characterization using LCMS/ MS and thiolytic degradation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51: 7513-7521.
Shanoon, A.Q., M.S. Jassim, A.H. Mohamed, M.S. Latef, A.M. Abad Al-Raheem, 2015. The effect of using different levels from date palm pollen in diet on productive performance and some eggs quality measurements for layer hens Lehman. Anim. Vet. Sci., 3: 1-4.
Al-Farsi, M., C. Alasalvar, A. Morris, M. Baron and F. Shahidi, 2005. Comparison of antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, carotenoids and phenolics of three native fresh and sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Oman. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 7592-7599.
Breithofer, A., K. Graumann, M.S. Scicchitano, S.K. Karathanasis, T.R. Butt and A. Jungbauer, 1998. Regulation of human estrogen receptor by phytoestrogens in yeast and human cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 67: 421-429.
Lotito, S.B. and B. Frei, 2006. Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: Cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? Free Radic. Biol. Med., 41: 1727-1746.
Guo, H., C. An, Z. Gan, E. Mai, S. Xing and R. Chen, 2004. Experimental study on antioxidant and calcium channel blockade preventing testicular fibrosis in rats. Zhonghua nan ke xue Nat. J. Androl., 10: 857-863.
Ali, B.H., A.K. Bashir and G. Alhadrami, 1999. Reproductive hormonal status of rats treated with date pits. Food Chem., 66: 437-441.
NRC., 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 9780309048927, Pages: 176.
Henry, R.J., D.C. Cannon and J.W. Winkleman, 1974. Clinical Chemistry, Principles and Techniques. 2nd Edn., Harper and Row, USA.
Sturkie, P.D., 1976. Avian Physiology. 3rd Edn., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, ISBN-13: 978-3-642-96274-5, Pages: 400.
WHO., 1980. Manual of Basic Techniques for a Health Laboratory. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Pages: 360.
Dacie, J.V. and S.M. Lewis, 1991. Practical Hematology. 7th Edn., Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, England, pp: 37-85.
Synbiotic® Corporation, 2005. Newcastle disease virus antibody test kit. Proflock R. Plus, Item No. 96-95 33, Frontera, San Diego, CA., USA.
Duncan, D.B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42.
SAS., 2012. SAS/STAT users guide for personal computer; Release 6-12. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC., USA.
Hassan, H.M.M., 2011. Chemical composition and nutritional value of palm pollen grains. Global J. Biotechnol. Biochem., 6: 1-7.
Elberry, A.A., S.T. Mufti, J.A. Al-Maghrabi, E.A. Abdel-Sattar, O.M. Ashour, S.A. Ghareib and H.A. Mosli, 2011. Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera) on experimentally-induced atypical prostatic hyperplasia in rats. J. Inflammation, Vol. 8.
Cushnie, T.P.T. and A.J. Lamb, 2005. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 26: 343-356.
Chebil, L., C. Humeau, A. Falcimaigne, J.M. Engasser and M. Ghoul, 2006. Enzymatic acylation of flavonoids. Process Biochem., 41: 2237-2251.
Cook, N.C. and S. Samman, 1996. Flavonoids-chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources. J. Nutr. Biochem., 7: 66-76.
Scanes, C.G., 1986. Pituitary Gland in Avian Physiology. 4th Edn., Springer-Verlag, New York.
Al-Shagrawi, R.A., 1998. Enzyme activities, lipid fractions and fatty acid composition in male rats fed palm pollen grains (Phoenix dactylifera). Res. Bull., 79: 5-18.
El-Wafa, S.A., A.A. Sedki and A.M. Ismail, 2002. Response of growing rabbits to diets containing black seed, garlic or onion as natural feed additives. Egypt. J. Rabbit Sci., 12: 69-83.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
