Effects of Light Ingress through Ventilation Fan Apertures on Selected Blood Variables of Male Broilers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2017.288.295Keywords:
Biochemistry, blood gases, broilers, enzyme, lightingAbstract
Background and Objective: Increasing broiler house size and ventilation capacity have resulted in increased light ingress through ventilation system component apertures. The effective photoperiod for broilers may create local increases in light intensity, which may also impact broiler’ body homeostasis. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of aperture light ingress in grow-out houses on selected blood variables of male broilers reared to 63 days of age. Materials and Methods: Sixty male broiler chicks were randomly distributed to each of 16 environmentally-controlled rooms (960 total birds). Birds were provided a diet formulated to meet or exceed NRC recommendations with feed and water provided ad libitum. The two treatments consisted of a constant (C) light intensity at 2.5 lx at 16L:8D based on prescriptive intensities in typical heavy broiler lighting programs and a variable (V) light intensity and photoperiod program that was based on field measurements near tunnel fans in a solid walled broiler house. The lighting program to 35 days was identical for both treatments and the treatments were initiated at 36 days. Blood samples were collected from the wing brachial vein of 6 birds per room on day 35 (before treatments) and 63, which were then analyzed immediately for whole blood physiological variables. Selected blood plasma biochemistry, enzyme activities and electrolyte levels were evaluated. Results: In comparison to broilers exposed to a ‘C’ light intensity of 2.5 lx, broilers exposed to ‘V’ lighting that mimicked areas near tunnel fans, had significantly lower levels of pH, Ca2+, K+, CK and higher levels of angap, which were within physiological acid-base ranges. Also, age have significant contributor effects on most selected variables. In addition, blood glucose and plasma corticosterone concentrations were not affected by treatment, suggesting an absence of physiological stress and an uncompromising welfare of the birds. Conclusion: It is concluded that there may be a need to mitigate light ingress through ventilation system components to improve live performance of broilers.
References
Olanrewaju, H.A., J.P. Thaxton, W.A. Dozier III, J. Purswell, W.B. Roush and S.L. Branton, 2006. A review of lighting programs for broiler production. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 301-308.
Fairchild, B., M. Czarick, M. Hicks and C. Brown, 2016. Broiler perception of lighting program day length in tunnel-ventilated houses during hot weather. Poult. Sci., 95: 224-224.
Olanrewaju, H.A., J.L. Purswell, S.D. Collier and S.L. Branton, 2013. Interactive effects of photoperiod and light intensity on blood physiological and biochemical reactions of broilers grown to heavy weights. Poult. Sci., 92: 1029-1039.
Ognik, K. and M. Krauze, 2016. The potential for using enzymatic assays to assess the health of Turkeys. World’s Poult. Sci. J., 72: 535-550.
Olanrewaju, H.A., J.P. Thaxton, W.A. Dozier III and S.L. Branton, 2007. Electrolyte diets, stress and acid-base balance in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 86: 1363-1371.
Kral, I. and P. Suchy, 2000. Haematological studies in adolescent breeding cocks. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 69: 189-194.
Olanrewaju, H.A., S. Wongpichet, J.P. Thaxton, W.A. Dozier III and S.L. Branton, 2006. Stress and acid-base balance in chickens. Poult. Sci., 85: 1266-1274.
Ross, J.G., G. Christie, W.G. Halliday and R.M. Jones, 1978. Haematological and blood chemistry comparison values for clinical pathology in poultry. Vet. Rec., 102: 29-31.
Brobst, D., 1975. Evaluation of clinical disorders of acid-base balance. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 166: 359-364.
Gunnerson, K.J., 2005. Clinical review: The meaning of acid-base abnormalities in the intensive care unit part I-epidemiology. Crit. Care, 9: 508-516.
Maddocks, S.A., A.R. Goldsmith and I.C. Cuthill, 2002. Behavioural and physiological effects of absence of ultraviolet wavelengths on European starlings Sturnus vulgaris. J. Avian Biol., 33: 103-106.
Sandercock, D.A., R.R. Hunter, G.R. Nute, M.A. Mitchell and P.M. Hocking, 2001. Acute heat stress-induced alterations in blood acid-base status and skeletal muscle membrane integrity in broiler chickens at two ages: Implications for meat quality. Poult. Sci., 80: 418-425.
Samour, J., 2000. Avian Medicine. Mosby Inc., London, pp: 170-218.
Siller, W.G. and P.A.L. Wight, 1978. The pathology of deep pectoral myopathy of Turkeys. Avian Pathol., 7: 583-617.
Hudecki, M.S., S.P. Povoski, C.C. Gregorio, J.A. Granchelli and C.M. Pollina, 1995. Efficacy of drug regimen exceeds electrostimulation in treatment of avian muscular dystrophy. J. Applied Physiol., 78: 2014-2019.
Purswell, J L. and H.A. Olanrewaju, 2017. Effect of fan induced photoperiod on live performance and yield of male broiler chickens. J. Applied Poult. Res., 26: 236-239.
NRC., 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 9780309048927, Pages: 176.
NRC., 1996. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 9780309053778, Pages: 125.
SAS., 2008. SAS Proprietary Software, Release 9.2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC., USA.
Korte, M., A. Sgoifo, W. Ruesink, C. Kwakernaak, S. van Voorst, C.W. Scheele and H.J. Blokhuis, 1999. High carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) and the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in rapidly growing broiler chickens. Vet. Rec., 145: 40-43.
Prakash, E.S. and T. Madanmohan, 2006. What does one mean by arterial blood oxygenation? Adv. Physiol. Educ., 30: 46-47.
Wideman, R.F., M.R. Fedde, C.D. Tackett and G.E. Weigle, 2000. Cardio-pulmonary function in preascitic (hypoxemic) or normal broilers inhaling ambient air or 100% oxygen. Poult. Sci., 79: 415-425.
Hamm, L.L., K.S. Hering-Smith and N.L. Nakhoul, 2013. Acid-base and potassium homeostasis. Semin. Nephrol., 33: 257-264.
Lubin, M. and H.L. Ennis, 1964. On the role of intracellular potassium in protein synthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Specialized Sect. Nucl. Acids Relat. Subj., 80: 614-631.
Costa, N.D., D.E. McDonald and R.A. Swan, 1993. Age-related changes in plasma biochemical values of farmed emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Aust. Vet. J., 70: 341-344.
Bell, D.J., 1971. Plasma Enzymes. In: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, Bell, D.J. and B.M. Freeman (Eds.). Academic Press Inc., London, pp: 964-972.
Arzour-Lakehal, N., C. Benlatreche, A. Boukerrou and B. Siliart, 2015. Effect of age on selected plasma indices of biochemical and mineral metabolism in two strains of broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 14: 411-419.
Szabo, A., M. Mezes, P. Horn, Z. Suto, G.Y. Bazar and R. Romvari, 2005. Developmental dynamics of some blood biochemical parameters in the growing turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Acta Vet. Hung., 53: 397-409.
Oguz, H., F. Kurtoglu, V. Kurtoglu and Y.O. Birdane, 2002. Evaluation of biochemical characters of broiler chickens during dietary aflatoxin (50 and 100 ppb) and clinoptilolite exposure. Res. Vet. Sci., 73: 101-103.
Almeida, J.G., S.L. Vieira, B.B. Gallo, O.R.A. Conde and A.R. Olmos, 2006. Period of incubation and posthatching holding time influence on broiler performance. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic., 8: 153-158.
Bowes, V.A., R.J. Julian and T. Stirtzinger, 1989. Comparison of serum biochemical profiles of male broilers with female broilers and White Leghorn chickens. Can. Vet. Res., 53: 7-11.
Peebles, E.D., J.D. Cheaney, J.D. Brake, C.R. Boyle and M.A. Latour, 1997. Effects of added dietary lard on body weight and serum glucose and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in randombred broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 76: 29-36.
Peebles, E.D., J.D. Cheaney, J.D. Brake, C.R. Boyle, M.A. Latour and C.D. McDaniel, 1997. Effects of added lard fed to broiler chickens during the starter phase. 2. Serum lipids. Poult. Sci., 76: 1648-1654.
Alonso, J.C., V. Huecas, J.A. Alonso, M. Abelenda, R. Munoz-Pulido and M.L. Puerta, 1991. Hematology and blood chemistry of adult white storks (Ciconia ciconia). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Physiol., 98: 395-397.
Agawane, S.B. and P.S. Lonkar, 2004. Effect of probiotic containing Saccharomyces boulardii on experimental ochratoxicosis in broilers: Hematobiochemical studies. J. Vet. Sci., 5: 359-367.
Cilliers, S.C., J.J. du Preez, J.S. Maritz and J.P. Hayes, 1995. Growth curves of ostriches (Struthio camelus) from Oudtshoorn in South Africa. Anim. Sci., 61: 161-164.
McDaniel, L.S. and H.L. Chute, 1961. Enzyme activity levels in chicken plasma. Am. J. Vet. Res., 22: 99-103.
Bertoni, G., F.P. Cappelli, A. Baldi, A. Borghese and E. Duranti et al., 2000. Interpretation of metabolic profiles in farming animals. Prog. Nutr., 2: 51-76.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
