The Effect of Color Light and Stocking Density on Some of External and Internal Egg Traits of Layers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2015.562.569Keywords:
Color light, eggs, layers, stocking densityAbstract
The study was conducted in the poultry farm of Veterinary Medicine College-University of Basra. This study was designated to investigate the effect of color light and stocking density on some productive performance of layers including external and internal characteristics of produced eggs. A total of 180 Isa Brown layers were used in this study with an average of 36 birds in each of five separated treatments were exposed to white light (WL) as a control, red light (RL), blue light (BL), green light (GL) and Blue-Green mix light (BGL) by a light-emitting diode system (LED) applied according to light intermittent program (16 h light-8 h dark) for 12 weeks with light intensity 5 watt/m2. In each treatment birds were randomly housed into 6 wooden sealed pens of 1 m2 in three replicates for each density 5 and 7 birds/m2. The results of the present study recorded significant interactions on accumulative egg production (Hen House) HH%, egg weight and egg mass in layers reared under RL at level of density 5 birds/m2. The results also revealed that light color and stocking density had no effect on egg shell weight, thickness, shell percentage, yolk weight, yolk ratio and albumin weight and ratio.
References
Alfayad, H.A. and S.A. Naji, 1989. Technology of Poultry Products. 1st Edn., Higher Education Press, Baghdad, Iraq.
Anderson, K.E., J.B. Tharrington, P.A. Curtis and F.T. Jones, 2004. Shell characteristics of eggs from historic strains of single comb white Leghorn chickens and the relationship of egg shape to shell strength. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 17-19.
Bello, K.O., O.O. Omotunde, S. Ibrahim, O.O. Adeyemi, A.O. Fanimo and D. Eruvbetine, 2013. Performance and external egg quality of layers under varying stocking density in locally fabricated metal-type battery cage system. Niger. J. Anim. Sci., 14: 31-36.
Benyi, K., D. Norris and P.M. Tsatsinyane, 2006. Effects of stocking density and group size on the performance of white and brown Hyline layers in semi-arid conditions. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 38: 619-624.
Bialka, K.L., 2004. Efficacy of electrolyzed oxidizing water for microbial safety and quality of eggs. M.Sc. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.
Buijs, S., L. Keeling, S. Rettenbacher, E. Van Poucke and F.A.M. Tuyttens, 2009. Stocking density effects on broiler welfare: Identifying sensitive ranges for different indicators. Poult. Sci., 88: 1536-1543.
Cao, J., W. Liu, Z. Wang, D. Xie and Y. Chen, 2008. Green and blue monochromatic lights promote growth and development of broilers via stimulating testosterone secretion and myofiber growth. J. Applied Poult. Res., 17: 211-218.
Carter, T.C., 1975. The hen's egg: Estimation of shell superficial area and egg volume, using measurements of fresh egg weight and shell length and breadth alone or in combination. Br. Poult. Sci., 16: 541-543.
Deep, A., K. Schwean-Lardner, T.G. Crowe, B.I. Fancher and H.L. Classen, 2010. Effect of light intensity on broiler production, processing characteristics and welfare. Poult. Sci., 89: 2326-2333.
El-Abd, E.A.M., 2005. Effect of some environmental stress factors on performance of chickens. Ph.D. Thesis, Menoufia University, Egypt.
El-Fiky, A. M. Soltan, M.A. Kalamah and S. Abou-Saad, 2008. Effect of light color on some productive, reproductive, egg quality traits and free redicals in Turkey. Egypt. Poult. Sci., 28: 677-699.
El-Turky, I.E.A., 2011. Developing a four-way cross for improving egg production traits in local breeds of chickens (a threshold for producing commercial egg-type breeds of chickens). Ph.D. Thesis, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Er, D., Z. Wang, J. Cao and Y. Chen, 2007. Effect of monochromatic light on the egg quality of laying hens. J. Applied Poult. Res., 16: 605-612.
Ewa, V.U., M.O. Otuma and S.I. Omeje, 2005. Interrelationships of external egg quality traits of four inbred line chicken strains. Trop. J. Anim. Sci., 8: 23-26.
Fairchild, B.D., 2005. Broiler stocking density. Cooperative Extension Service, The University of Georgia, USA.
Farooq, M., M.A. Mian, M. Ali, F.R. Durrani, A. Asghar and A.K. Muqarrab, 2001. Egg traits of Fayumi birds under subtropical conditions. Sarhad J. Agric., 17: 141-145.
Gongruttananun, N. and P. Guntapa, 2012. Effects of red light illumination on productivity, fertility, hatchability and energy efficiency of Thai indigenous hens. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.), 46: 51-63.
Guo, Y.Y., Z.G. Song, H.C. Jiao, Q.Q. Song and H. Lin, 2012. The effect of group size and stocking density on the welfare and performance of hens housed in furnished cages during summer. Anim. Welfare-UFAW J., 21: 41-49.
Hassan, M.R., S. Sultana, H.S. Choe and K.S. Ryu, 2013. Effect of monochromatic and combined light colour on performance, blood parameters, ovarian morphology and reproductive hormones in laying hens. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 12: 359-364.
Brown, I., 2010. Commercial Management Guide. Chihaia Cristi Publisher, UK.
Lewis, P.D. and T.R. Morris, 2000. Poultry and coloured light. World's Poult. Sci. J., 56: 189-207.
Lewis, P.D., L. Caston and S. Leeson, 2007. Green light during rearing does not significantly affect the performance of egg-type pullets in the laying phase. Poult. Sci., 86: 739-743.
Makowski, W., K. Kleczek and D. Murawska, 2004. Effect of Stocking Density on the Slaughter Value of Broiler Chickens. Scientific Pedagogical Publishing, Ceske, Budejovice, pp: 215-217.
Mohammed, H.H., M.A. Grashorn and W. Bessei, 2010. The effects of lighting conditions on the behaviour of laying hens. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde, 74: 197-202.
Monira, K.N., M. Salahuddin and G. Miah, 2003. Effect of breed and holding period on egg quality characteristics of chicken. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2: 261-263.
NRC., 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 9780309048927, Pages: 176.
Onbasilar, E.E. and F.T. Aksoy, 2005. Stress parameters and immune response of layers under different cage floor and density conditions. Livestock Prod. Sci., 95: 255-263.
Orderkirk, A., 1993. Light source and positioning for poultry: Fact sheet. Agra Point International, Canada.
Penn State, 1999. Small-scale egg production (Organic and Nonorganic). Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA.
Prayitno, D.S., C.J. Philips and H. Omed, 1997. The effects of color of lighting on the behavior and production of meat chickens. Poult. Sci., 76: 452-457.
Pyrzak, R., N. Snapir, G. Goodman and M. Perek, 1984. The influence of light quality on egg production and egg quality of the domestic hen. Poult. Sci., 63: 30-30.
Pyrzak, R. and T.D. Siopes, 1986. The effect of color light on egg quality of turkey hens in cages. Poult. Sci., 65: 1262-1267.
Pyrzak, R., N. Snapir, G. Goodman and M. Perek, 1987. The effect of light wavelength on the production and quality of eggs of the domestic hen. Theriogenology, 28: 947-960.
Reddy, P.M., V.R. Reddy, C.V. Reddy and P.S.P. Rao, 1979. Egg weight, shape index and hatachability in Khaki campbell duck eggs. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 14: 26-31.
Romanoff, A.L. and A.J. Romanoff, 1949. The Avian Egg. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Rozenboim, I., E. Zilberman and G. Gvaryahu, 1998. New monochromatic light source for laying hen. Poult. Sci., 77: 1695-1698.
Rozenboim, I., B. Robinzon and A. Rosenstrauch, 1999. Effect of light source and regimen on growing broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 40: 452-457.
Rozenboim, I., I. Biran, Y. Chaiseha, S. Yahav, A. Rosenstrauch, D. Sklan and O. Halevy, 2004. The effect of a green and blue monochromatic light combination on broiler growth and development. Poult. Sci., 83: 482-485.
Safamehr, A., S. Hedatyati and M.H. Shahir, 2013. The effects of dietary calcium sources and vitamin D3 on egg quality and performance in laying hens. Iran. J. Applied Anim. Sci., 3: 167-175.
Samad, M.A., 2005. Poultry Science and Medicine. 1st Edn., LEP Publication, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Sarica, M., S. Boga ans U.S. Yamak, 2008. The effects of space allowance on egg yield, egg quality and plumage condition of laying hens in battery cages. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 53: 345-353.
SPSS., 2009. Statistical Package of Society. Version 18, SPSS Inc., USA.
Tag El-Din, H.T., K. El-Sherif, E.F. Ali Mervat, Abd El-Hamid and A.E. El-Salamony, 2006. Productive and reproductive performance of golden Montazah and Matrouh chickens as affected by some light colours. Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 84: 1587-1587.
Thiele, H.H., 2009. Light stimulation of commercial layers. Lohmann Inform., 44: 28-37.
Vanhonacker, F. and W. Verbeke, 2009. Buying higher welfare poultry products? Profiling Flemish consumers who do and do not. Poult. Sci., 88: 2702-2711.
Wabeck, C.J. and W.C. Skoglund, 1974. Influence of radiant energy from fluorescent light sources on growth, mortality and feed conversion of broilers. Poult. Sci., 53: 2055-2059.
Yakubu, A., D.M. Ogah and R.E. Barde, 2008. Productivity and egg quality characteristics of free range naked neck and normal feathered Nigerian indigenous chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7: 579-585.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
