Effect of Protein: Lysine Ratio on Energy and Nitrogen Metabolism in Broiler Chickens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2014.421.428Keywords:
Broiler, crude protein, heat production, lysine, nitrogen retentionAbstract
The present study was performed to test the assumption that imbalanced dietary amino acid mixtures must lead to increased heat production (HP). The experiment was based on diets formulated to have a wide range of crude protein (CP) concentrations but a fixed concentration of lysine, formulated to be the first-limiting amino acid. 21 d old male broiler chicks (n = 50) were divided in to 5 groups of 5 replicates with 2 bird in each. Five dietary treatments with CP levels of 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30% and with a constant lysine level (1.1%) were formulated. Feed intake, water intake and body-weight gain were measured and heat production were recorded by using indirect calorimetry system. There was no significant effect of varying CP concentration on feed intake. However, CP concentration had a significant effect on the water intake (p<0.01). With constant lysine and varying CP, there was a 75% increase in N intake as CP concentration increased. This led to a 150% increase in N excretion, with no significant change in HP. Simulated HP agreed with the empirically determined results in not showing a trend with dietary CP rather correlated with the first limiting amino acid intake.
References
Abebe, S. and T.R. Morris, 1990. Note on the effects of protein concentration on responses to dietary lysine by chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 31: 255-260.
Adams, R.L., F.N. Andrews, J.C. Rogler and C.W. Carrick, 1962. The protein requirement of 4-week-old chicks as affected by temperature. J. Nutr., 77: 121-126.
Bartov, I., 1979. Nutritional factors affecting quantity and quality of carcass fat in chickens. Feder. Proc., 38: 2627-2630.
Blair, R., J.P. Jacob, S. Ibrahim and P. Wang, 1999. A quantitative assessment of reduced protein diets and supplements to improve nitrogen utilization. J. Applied Poult. Res., 8: 25-47.
Boorman, K.N., 1979. Regulation of Protein and Amino Acid Intake. In: Food Intake Regulation in Poultry, Boorman, K.N. and B.M. Freeman (Eds.). British Poultry Science Ltd., Edunburgh, UK., pp: 87-125.
Boorman, K.N. and G.M. Ellis, 1996. Maximum nutritional response to poor-quality protein and amino acid utilisation. Br. Poult. Sci., 37: 145-156.
Buttery, P.J. and K.N. Boorman, 1976. The Energetic Efficiency of Amino Acid Metabolism. In: Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, Cole, D.J.A. (Ed.). Butterworths Gawthorn, London, UK., pp: 197-204.
D'Mello, J.P.F., 1990. Lysine utilisation by broiler chicks. Proceedings of the 8th European Poultry Conference, June 25-28, 1990, Barcelona, Spain, pp: 302-305.
Emmans, G.C., 1994. Effective energy: A concept of energy utilization applied across species. Br. J. Nutr., 71: 801-821.
Fancher, B.I. and L.S. Jensen, 1989. Male broiler performance during the starting and growing periods as affected by dietary protein, essential amino acids and potassium levels. Poult. Sci., 68: 1385-1395.
Ferguson, N.S., R.S. Gates, J.L. Taraba, A.H. Cantor, A.J. Pescatore, M.J. Ford and D.J. Burnham, 1998. The effect of dietary crude protein on growth, ammonia concentration and litter composition in broilers. Poult. Sci., 77: 1481-1487.
Gleaves, E.W., L.V. Tonkinson, J.D. Wolf, C.K. Harma, R.H. Thayer and R.D. Morrison, 1968. The action and interaction of physiological food intake regulators in the laying hen. 1. Effects of dietary factors upon feed consumption and production responses. Poult. Sci., 47: 38-67.
Grau, C.R., 1948. Effect of protein level on the lysine requirement of the chick. J. Nutr., 36: 99-108.
Hernandez, F., S. Martinez, C. Lopez, M.D. Megias, M. Lopez and J. Madrid, 2011. Effect of dietary crude protein levels in a commercial range, on the nitrogen balance, ammonia emission and pollutant characteristics of slurry in fattening pigs. Animal, 5: 1290-1298.
Hernandez, F., M. Lopez, S. Martinez, M.D. Megias, P. Catala and J. Madrid, 2012. Effect of low-protein diets and single sex on production performance, plasma metabolites, digestibility and nitrogen excretion in 1-to 48-day-old broilers. Poult. Sci., 91: 683-692.
Kamran, Z., M. Sarwar, M. Nisa, M.A. Nadeem, S. Mahmood, M.E. Babar and S. Ahmed, 2008. Effect of low-protein diets having constant energy-to-protein ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from one to thirty-five days of age. Poult. Sci., 87: 468-474.
Lundy, H., M.G. MacLeod and T.R. Jewitt, 1978. An automated multi-calorimeter system: Preliminary experiments on laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 19: 173-186.
MacLeod, M.G., H. Lundy and T.R. Jewitt, 1985. Heat production by the mature male turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Preliminary measurements in an automated, indirect, open-circuit multi-calorimeter system. Br. Poult. Sci., 26: 325-333.
MacLeod, M.G., 1990. Energy and nitrogen intake, expenditure and retention at 20 degree in growing fowl given diets with a wide range of energy and protein contents. Br. J. Nutr., 64: 625-637.
MacLeod, M.G., 1992. Energy and nitrogen intake, expenditure and retention at 32 degree in growing fowl given diets with a wide range of energy and protein contents. Br. J. Nutr., 67: 195-206.
MacLeod, M.G., 1994. Dietary Energy Utilisation: Prediction by Computer Simulation of Energy Metabolism. In: Proceedings of the 13th Symposium Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, September 18-24, 1994, Mojacar, Spain, Aguilera, J.F. (Ed.). CSIC Publication, Granada, Spain, ISBN-13: 9788400074654, pp: 237-240.
MacLeod, M.G., 1997. Effects of amino acid balance and energy: Protein ratio on energy and nitrogen metabolism in male broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 38: 405-411.
Marks, H.L. and G.M. Pesti, 1984. The roles of protein level and diet form in water consumption and abdominal fat pad deposition of broilers. Poult. Sci., 63: 1617-1625.
Meluzzi, A., F. Sirri, N. Tallarico and A. Franchini, 2001. Nitrogen retention and performance of brown laying hens on diets with different protein content and constant concentration of amino acids and energy. Br. Poult. Sci., 42: 213-217.
Moran, Jr. E.T., 1994. Response of broiler strains differing in body fat to inadequate methionine: Live performance and processing yields. Poult. Sci., 73: 1116-1126.
Moran, Jr. E.T., R.D. Bushong and S.F. Bilgili, 1992. Reducing dietary crude protein for broilers while satisfying amino acid requirements by least-cost formulation: Live performance, litter composition and yield of fast-food carcass cuts at six weeks. Poult. Sci., 71: 1687-1694.
Morris, T.R., R.M. Gous and C. Fisher, 1999. An analysis of the hypothesis that amino acid requirements for chicks should be stated as a proportion of dietary protein. World's Poult. Sci. J., 55: 7-22.
Morris, T.R., K. Al-Azzawi, R.M. Gous and G.L. Simpson, 1987. Effects of protein concentration on responses to dietary lysine by chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 28: 185-195.
Patrick, H. and A. Ferrise, 1961. The water intake of broilers. Poult. Sci., 41: 1363-1367.
Plumstead, P.W., H. Romero-Sanchez, N.D. Paton, J.W. Spears and J. Brake, 2007. Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and protein on early growth responses of broilers to dietary lysine. Poult. Sci., 86: 2639-2648.
Shariatmadari, F. and J.M. Forbes, 1993. Growth and food intake responses to diets of different protein contents and a choice between diets containing two concentrations of protein in broiler and layer strains of chicken. Br. Poult. Sci., 34: 959-970.
Sklan, D. and I. Plavnik, 2002. Interactions between dietary crude protein and essential amino acid intake on performance in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 43: 442-449.
Summers, J.D., 1993. Reducing nitrogen excretion of the laying hen by feeding lower crude protein diets. Poult. Sci., 72: 1473-1478.
Syafwan, S., G.J.D. Wermink, R.P. Kwakkel and M.W.A. Verstegen, 2012. Dietary self-selection by broilers at normal and high temperature changes feed intake behavior, nutrient intake and performance. Poult. Sci., 91: 537-549.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
