Using Principal Component Analysis to Identify Components Predictive of Shape Index in Chicken, Quail and Guinea Fowl
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2019.76.79Keywords:
Chicken, genuine fowl, principal component analysis, quail, shape indexAbstract
Background and Objective: The shape index of avian eggs is used as an indicator for predicting chick weight, hatchability and eggshell quality. However, the components that most contribute to shape index remain unknown. The aim of this study was to provide an objective description of shape index using principal component analysis and to predict shape index from egg measurements derived from this analysis. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out in the Animal Production Department laboratories of Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq. From July 2017 to February 2018, a total of 98, 95 and 56 chicken, quail and guinea fowl eggs respectively were collected from local markets. Digital balance and vernier calipers were used to measure the traits. Then descriptive analysis, correlations and principal component analysis were determined by using SPSS program. Results: The guinea fowl and quail had high egg shape indexes of 79.24 and 79.00% respectively, followed by the chicken (75.19%). The relationships between the shape index and the majority of the egg components were positive and significant (p<0.05) in all three species. Bartlett’s test of sphericity on the egg components for the chicken (χ2 = 150.354, p = 0.000), quail (χ2 = 133.322, p = 0.000) and guinea fowl (χ2 = 256.323, p = 0.000) were also highly significant. Two principal components were extracted for each species with eigenvalues that, when combined, accounted for 82.5, 84.1 and 94% of the total variance for the chicken, quail and guinea fowl respectively. Conclusion: Easily measured, descriptive features can be used to predict the shape index of the eggs of gallinaceous birds, which helps toward selecting eggs and improving production.
References
Narushin, V.G., M.N. Romanov and V.P. Bogatry, 2002. AP-Animal production technology: Relationship between pre-incubation egg parameters and chick weight after hatching in layer breeds. Biosyst. Eng., 83: 373-381.
Asci, E. and I. Durmus, 2015. Effect of egg shape index on hatching characteristics in hens. Turk. J. Agric. Food Sci. Technol., 3: 583-587.
Nikolova, N. and D. Kocevski, 2006. Forming egg shape index as influenced by ambient temperatures and age of hens. Biotechnol. Anim. Husband., 22: 119-125.
Altuntas, E. and A. Sekeroglu, 2008. Effect of egg shape index on mechanical properties of chicken eggs. J. Food Eng., 85: 606-612.
Barta, Z. and T. Szekely, 1997. The optimal shape of avian eggs. Funct. Ecol., 11: 656-662.
Bridge, E.S., R.K. Boughton, R.A. Aldredge, T.J. Harrison, R. Bowman and S.J. Schoech, 2007. Measuring egg size using digital photography: Testing hoyt's method using florida scrub‐jay eggs. J. Feild Ornithol., 78: 109-116.
Havlicek, M., S. Nedomova, J. Simeonovova, L. Severa and I. Krivanek, 2008. On the evaluation of chicken egg shape variability. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendel. Brun., 56: 69-74.
Nishiyama, Y., 2012. The mathematics of egg shape. Int. J. Pure Appl. Math., 78: 679-689.
Minvielle, F., B.B. Kayang, M. Inoue-Murayama, M. Miwa and A. Vignal et al., 2006. Search for QTL affecting the shape of the egg laying curve of the Japanese quail. BMC Genet., Vol. 7.
Shaker, A.S., S.M.S. Kirkuki, S.R. Aziz and B.J. Jalal, 2017. Influence of genotype and hen age on the egg shape index. Int. J. Biochem. Biophy. Mol. Biol., 2: 68-70.
Mao, K.M., A. Murakami, A. Iwasawa and N. Yoshizaki, 2007. The asymmetry of avian egg-shape: An adaptation for reproduction on dry land. J. Anat., 210: 741-748.
Karl Pearson, F.R.S., 1901. LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. Lond. Edinburgh Dublin Phil. Maga. J. Sci., 2: 559-572.
Hotteling, H., 1935. The most predictable criterion. J. Educ. Psychol., 26: 139-142.
Savegnago, R.P., S.L. Caetano, S.B. Ramos, G.B. Nascimento, G.S. Schmidt, M.C. Ledur and D.P. Munari, 2011. Estimates of genetic parameters and cluster and principal components analyses of breeding values related to egg production traits in a White Leghorn population. Poult. Sci., 90: 2174-2188.
Sarica, M., H. Onder and U.S. Yamak, 2012. Determining the most effective variables for egg quality traits of five hen genotypes. Int. J. Agric. Boil., 14: 235-240.
Venturini, G.C., R.P. Savegnago, B.N. Nunes, M.C. Ledur, G.S. Schmidt, L.E. Faro and D.P. Munari, 2013. Genetic parameters and principal component analysis for egg production from White Leghorn hens. Poult. Sci., 92: 2283-2289.
Shaker, A.S. and S.R. Aziz, 2017. Internal traits of eggs and their relationship to shank feathering in chicken using principal component analysis. Poult. Sci. J., 5: 1-5.
Ukwu, H.O., P.O. Abari and D.J. Kuusu, 2017. Principal component analysis of egg quality characteristics of ISA Brown layer chickens in Nigeria. World Sci. News, 70: 304-311.
Pinto, L.F.B., I.U. Packer, C.M.R. de Melo, M.C. Ledur and L.L. Coutinho, 2006. Principal components analysis applied to performance and carcass traits in the chicken. Anim. Res., 55: 419-425.
Ogah, D.M., 2011. Assessing size and conformation of the body of Nigerian Indigenous Turkey. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 44: 21-27.
Udeh, I. and C.C. Ogbu, 2011. Principal component analysis of body measurements in three strains of Broiler chicken. Sci. World J., 6: 11-14.
Yakubu, A., D. Kuje and M. Okpeku, 2009. Principal components as measures of size and shape in Nigerian indigenous chickens. Thai J. Agric. Sci., 42: 167-176.
Song, K.T., S.H. Choi and H.R. Oh, 2000. A comparison of egg quality of pheasant, chukar, quail and guinea fowl. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 13: 986-990.
Sogunle, O.M., A.A. Ayoade, A.O. Fafiolu, K.O. Bello, D.A. Ekunseitan, K.K. Safiyu and O.J. Odutayo, 2017. Evaluation of external and internal traits of eggs from three poultry species at different storage durations in tropical environment. Niger. J. Anim. Sci., 2: 177-189.
Baker, C.M.A., 1960. The genetic basis of egg quality. Br. Poult. Sci., 1: 3-16.
Duman, M., A.Sekeroglu, A. Yildirim, H. Eleroglu and O. Camci, 2016. Relation between egg shape index and egg quality characteristics. Eur. Poult. Sci., Vol. 80.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
