Effect of Probiotic and Organic Acids in an Attempt to Replace the Antibiotics in Diets of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Eimeria spp.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2015.606.614Keywords:
Acidifier, avilamycin, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, sodium monensinAbstract
The effect of probiotic (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and organic acids (lactic, acetic and butyric acid), isolated or combined, in an attempt to replace the antibiotics (avilamycin+sodium monensin) on intestinal anaerobic bacteria, allometric growth of digestive organs, intestinal morphometric and performance of broilers challenged by Eimeria (acervulina, maxima and tenella) were studied in a 1 to 21-d experiment. A total of 900 male Cobb chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, presence or absence of probiotic and organic acids more a positive control with antibiotics, with six replicates. The probiotic promoted some changes on total anaerobic microorganisms throughout the small intestine in both periods (p<0.02), whereas the antibiotics decreased this counting only until 14 days (p<0.04). Antibiotics increased liver weight at 14 days (p<0.01) and reduced the relative weight of the pro-ventricle, gizzard and all segments of the small intestine at 21 days (p<0.01). At 14 days, the alternative additives reduced the villus height and crypt depth (p<0.05), whereas the probiotic increased the width of the villus base (p<0.01). Antibiotics reduced the crypt depth and width of the villi in the small intestine in both periods (p<0.05). Although some changes in the intestinal microbiota and morphology, the alternative additives, isolated or combined, did not change the birds’ performance (p>0.05), only the antibiotics provided better results on BW gain and feed: gain in 1 to 14 and 1 to 21 d-old (p<0.05) of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp.
References
Abbas, R.Z., S.H. Munawar, Z. Manzoor, Z. Iqbal and M.N. Khan et al., 2011. Anticoccidial effects of acetic acid on performance and pathogenic parameters in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria tenella. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 31: 99-103.
Abdel-Fattah, S.A., M.H. El-Sanhoury, N.M. El-Mednay and F. Abdel-Azeem, 2008. Thyroid activity, some blood constituents, organs morphology and performance of broiler chicks fed supplemental organic acids. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7: 215-222.
Adil, S., T. Banday, G.A. Bhat, M.S. Mir and M. Rehman, 2010. Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance, intestinal histomorphology and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken. Vet. Med. Int.
Ahmed, S.T., M.M. Islam, H.S. Mun, H.J. Sim, Y.J. Kim and C.J. Yang, 2014. Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a probiotic strain on growth performance, cecal microflora and fecal noxious gas emissions of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 93: 1963-1971.
Alakomi, H.L., E. Skytta, M. Saarela, T. Mattila-Sandholm, K. Latva-Kala and I.M. Helander, 2000. Lactic acid permeabilizes gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the outer membrane. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 66: 2001-2005.
Ashayerizadeh, A., N. Dabiri, O. Ashayerizadeh, K.H. Mirzadeh, H. Roshanfekr and M. Mamooee, 2009. Effect of dietary antibiotic, probiotic and prebiotic as growth promoters, on growth performance, carcass characteristics and hematological indices of broiler chickens. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12: 52-57.
Byrd, J.A., B.M. Hargis, D.J. Caldwell, R.H. Bailey and K.L. Herron et al., 2001. Effect of lactic acid administration in the drinking water during preslaughter feed withdrawal on Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of broilers. Poult. Sci., 80: 278-283.
Chowdhury, R., K.M.S. Islam, M.J. Khan, M.R. Karim, M.N. Haque, M. Khatun and G.M. Pesti, 2009. Effect of citric acid, avilamycin and their combination on the performance, tibia ash and immune status of broilers. Poult. Sci., 88: 1616-1622.
Coates, M.E., R. Fuller, G.F. Harrison, M. Lev and S.F. Suffolk, 1963. A comparision of the growth of chicks in the Gustafsson germ-free apparatus and in a conventional environment, with and without dietary supplements of penicillin. Br. J. Nutr., 17: 141-150.
Cook, R.H. and F.H. Bird, 1973. Duodenal villus area and epithelial cellular migration in conventional and germ-free chicks. Poult. Sci., 52: 2276-2280.
Denli, M., F. Okan and K. Celik, 2003. Effect of dietary probiotic, organic acid and antibiotic supplementation to diets on broiler performance and carcass yield. Pak. J. Nutr., 2: 89-91.
Dumonceaux, T.J., J.E. Hill, S.M. Hemmingsen and A.G. van Kessel, 2006. Characterization of intestinal microbiota and response to dietary virginiamycin supplementation in the broiler chicken. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 72: 2815-2823.
Engberg, R.M., M.S. Hedemann, T.D. Leser and B.B. Jensen, 2000. Effect of zinc bacitracin and salinomycin on intestinal microflora and performance of broilers. Poult. Sci., 79: 1311-1319.
Gunal, M., G. Yayli, O. Kaya, N. Karahan and O. Sulak, 2006. The effects of antibiotic growth promoter, probiotic or organic acid supplementation on performance, intestinal microflora and tissue of broiler. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 149-155.
Hassan, H.M.A., M.A. Mohamed, A.W. Youssef and E.R. Hassan, 2010. Effect of using organic acids to substitute antibiotic growth promoters on performance and intestinal microflora of broilers. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 23: 1348-1353.
Huyghebaert, G., R. Ducatelle and F. van Immerseel, 2011. An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers. Vet. J., 187: 182-188.
Jukes, T.H., D.C. Hill and H.D. Branion, 1956. Effect of feeding antibiotics on the intestinal tract of the chick. Poult. Sci., 35: 716-723.
Kabir, S.M.L., 2009. The role of probiotics in the poultry industry. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10: 3531-3546.
Kipper, M., I. Andretta, C.R. Lehnen, P.A. Lovatto and S.G. Monteiro, 2013. Meta-analysis of the performance variation in broilers experimentally challenged by Eimeria spp. Vet. Parasitol., 196: 77-84.
Knarreborg, A., M.A. Simon, R.M. Engberg, B.B. Jensen and G.W. Tannock, 2002. Effects of dietary fat source and subtherapeutic levels of antibiotic on the bacterial community in the ileum of broiler chickens at various ages. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 68: 5918-5924.
Krinke, A.L. and D. Jamroz, 1996. Effects of feed antibiotic avoparcine on organ morphology in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 75: 705-710.
Langhout, P., 2000. New additives for broiler chickens. World Poult., 16: 22-27.
Lei, X., X. Piao, Y. Ru, H. Zhang, A. Peron and H. Zhang, 2015. Effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based direct-fed microbial on performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphology and cecal microflora in broiler chickens. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 28: 239-246.
Lillie, R.J., J.R. Sizemore and H.R. Bird, 1953. Environment and stimulation of growth of chicks by antibiotics. Poult. Sci., 32: 466-475.
Menconi, A., A.R. Reginatto, A. Londero, N.R. Pumford, M. Morgan, B.M. Hargis and G. Tellez, 2013. Effect of organic acids on Salmonella typhimurium infection in broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12: 72-75.
Miles, R.D., G.D. Butcher, P.R. Henry and R.C. Littell, 2006. Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters and quantitative morphology. Poult. Sci., 85: 476-485.
Mountzouris, K.C., P. Tsirtsikos, E. Kalamara, S. Nitsch, G. Schatzmayr and K. Fegeros, 2007. Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus and Pediococcus strains in promoting broiler performance and modulating cecal microflora composition and metabolic activities. Poult. Sci., 86: 309-317.
Neal-McKinney, J.M., X. Lu, T. Duong, C.L. Larson, D.R. Call, D.H. Shah and M.E. Konkel, 2012. Production of organic acids by probiotic lactobacilli can be used to reduce pathogen load in poultry. PLoS ONE, Vol. 7.
Ricke, S.C., 2003. Perspectives on the use of organic acids and short chain fatty acids as antimicrobials. Poult. Sci., 82: 632-639.
Roe, M.T. and S.D. Pillai, 2003. Monitoring and identifying antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Poult. Sci., 82: 622-626.
Rostagno, H.S., L.F.T. Albino, J.L. Donzele, P.C. Gomes and R.F. de Oliveira et al., 2011. Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine: Feed Composition and Nutritional Requirements. 3rd Edn., Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Brazil.
Sanders, M.E., 2008. Probiotics: Definition, sources, selection and uses. Clin. Infect. Dis., 46: S58-S61.
SAS., 2012. SAS/STAT 9.3: User's Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
Shirley, M.W., A. Ivens, A. Gruber, A.M.B.N. Madeira, K.L. Wan, P.H. Dear and F.M. Tomley, 2004. The Eimeria genome projects: A sequence of events. Trends Parasitol., 20: 199-201.
Skanseng, B., M. Kaldhusdal, B. Moen, A.G. Gjevre and G.S. Johannessen et al., 2010. Prevention of intestinal Campylobacter jejuni colonization in broilers by combinations of in-feed organic acids. J. Applied Microbiol., 109: 1265-1273.
Sorum, H. and M. Sunde, 2001. Resistance to antibiotics in the normal flora of animals. Vet. Res., 32: 227-241.
Van Immerseel, F., J.B. Russell, M.D. Flythe, I. Gantois and L. Timbermont et al., 2006. The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: A mechanistic explanation of the efficacy. Avian Pathol., 35: 182-188.
Williams, R.B., 1999. A compartmentalised model for the estimation of the cost of coccidiosis to the world's chicken production industry. Int. J. Parasitol., 29: 1209-1229.
Williams, R.B., 2005. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: Rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol., 34: 159-180.
Wolfenden, A.D., J.L. Vicente, J.P. Higgins, R.L. Andreatti Filho, S.E. Higgins, B.M. Hargis and G. Tellez, 2007. Effect of organic acids and probiotics on Salmonella enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 403-405.
Yeo, J. and K.I. Kim, 1997. Effect of feeding diets containing an antibiotic, a probiotic, or yucca extract on growth and intestinal urease activity in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 76: 381-385.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
