The Effects of Cypermethrin on Bone and Bone Marrow in Short and Long Treatment in Wild Pigeons (Culumba livia gaddi )
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2012.781.786Keywords:
Bone marrow, cypermethrin, haemopoesis, pesticidesAbstract
Cypermethrin used to control many insect pests in domestic, industrial and agricultural situations. Under this study a total of (80) adult domestic pigeons were purchased from local market in Basrah city. Then to study the short term exposure of cypermethrin for two months with four groups; group one low dose 0.25 mg/day, group two intermediate dose 0.5 mg/day, group three high dose 0.75 mg/day and fourth control group. While, to study the long term exposure of cypermethrin for four months divided into four groups; group one low dose 0.25 mg/day, group two intermediate dose 0.75 mg/day, group three high dose 1 mg/day and fourth control group. At the end of the experiment all pigeons were killed, selected bone and bone marrow and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological study. The short term exposure showed in low dose bone with an osteosis and prominent blood vessels, with metaphases and diphyses, metaphases going down into diphyses forming new bone. The bone marrow with a reduced number ofnormoblst or non active haemopoesis. In intermediate dose the bone with a chondroses and going down to diphyses with new bone formation. While, the bone marrow non active haemopoesis and the majority normoblst. In high dose the bone with osteosis and vacuolation but, the bone marrow looks like yellow with poor haemopoesis with prominent fat cells. In pigeon with long term exposure the pathological changes as chondroses in metaphysic with giving rise to osteosis in diphyses and normoblst, heterophiles and mature red blood cells nucleated but reduced activity in both bone and bone marrow of low dose respectively. While, in intermediate dose the bone with metaphyses extending into diphyses with proliferation of chondrocytes into metaphyses but the bone marrow with a congestion and mature red blood cells. In high dose the bone osteosis and prominent blood vessels and metaphyses with mark proliferation of chondroide tissue and presence of chondroide tissue into bone trabeculae indicating active newbone formation but bone marrow with a poor haemopoesis and yellow in character prominent adipose tissue. In conclusion it can said that cypermethrin effect not only in different organs but also on bone and bone marrow in birds when enter the cycle of this component by may be eaten fishes or any water species or seeds treated with cypermethrin.
References
Ahmad, M., I. Hussain, A. Khan and Najib-ur-Rehmana, 2009. Deleterious effects of cypermethrin on semen characteristics and testes of dwarf goats (Capra hircus). Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 61: 339-346.
Anwar, W.A., 1997. Biomarkers of human exposure to pesticides. Environ. Health Perspect., 105: 801-806.
Bancroft, J.D., A. Stevens and D.R. Turner, 1990. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 3rd Edn., Churchill Livingstone, London, UK., pp: 21-226.
Das, B.K. and S.C. Mukherjee, 2003. Toxicity of cypermethrin in Labeo rohita fingerlings: Biochemical, enzymatic and haematological consequences. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol., 134: 109-121.
Casida, J.E., D.W. Gammon, A.H. Glickman and L.J. Lawrence, 1983. Mechanisms of selective action of pyrethroid insecticides. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 23: 413-438.
Chemical Management Unit, 2002. Cypermethrin. The Registrar of Chemical Products Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Tasmania Issue Publishing.
Dorman, D.C. and V.R. Beasley, 1991. Neurotoxicology of pyrethrin and the pyrethroid insecticides. Vet. Human Toxicol., 33: 238-243.
Gray, A.J., 1985. Pyrethroid structure-toxicity relationships in mammals. Neurotoxicology, 6: 127-138.
Kadhim, S.O., 2012. Toxopathological effects of long term administration of hydrocortisone in male rats. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, Iraq.
Khan, M.Z., 2005. Effects of agro pesticides cypermethrin and malathion on cholinesterase activity in liver and kidney of Calotes versicolor Daudin (Agamidae: Reptilia). Turk. J. Zool., 29: 77-81.
Khan, A., H.A.M. Faridi, M. Ali, M.Z. Khan, M. Siddique, I. Hussain and M. Ahmad, 2009. Effects of cypermethrin on some clinico-hemato-biochemical and pathological parameters in male dwarf goats (Capra hircus). Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 61: 151-160.
Khanna, R.N., G.S.D. Gupta and M. Anand, 2002. Kinetics of distribution of cypermethrin in blood, brain, and spinal cord after a single administration to rabbits. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 69: 749-755.
Luna, L.G., 1968. Manual of Histological Staining Methods of the Armed Forced Institute of Pathology. 3rd Edn., McGraw-Hill Book Company, London, UK., pp: 1-74.
Mansee, A.H.M., 1998. Persistence of cypermethrin and permethrin and their effects on rat blood hematological characteristics. Sultan Qaboos Univ. J. Sci. Res. Agri. Mar. Sci., 3: 35-39.
Samita, R., K.K. Dua and S. Rani, 1999. Cypermethrin toxicity induced histological and biochemical changes in the liver of albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). J. Ectotoxicol. Environ. Monitor., 9: 41-46.
Stephenson, R.R., S.Y. Choi and A. Olmos-Jerez, 1984. Determining the toxicity and hazard to fish of a rice insecticide. Crop Protect., 3: 151-165.
Tamang, R.K., G.J. Jha and K.K. Singh, 1991. Clinicopathology of acute cypermethrin toxicity in goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 61: 493-494.
Wefco, 1989. Cypermethrin. Wefco Marketing International, South Africa.
WHO, 1989. Cypermethrin. Environmental Health Criteria No. 82, 85 B92, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO, 1996. The WHO recommended classification of pisticides by hazard and guidelines to classification WHO/ PSC/96.3. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Yilmaz, M., A. Gul and K. Erbasli, 2004. Acute toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin to guppy (Poecilia reticulata, Pallas, 1859). Chemosphere, 56: 381-385.
Yousef, M.I., F.M. El-Demerdash, K.I. Kamel and K.S. Al-Salhen, 2003. Changes in some hematological and biochemical indices of rabbits induced by isoflavones and cypermethrin. Toxicology, 189: 223-234.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
