Ochratoxin-A and Mold in Some Broiler Farms of Ismailia, Egypt and Evaluation of Common Mycotoxin Binders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2012.288.293Keywords:
ELISA, mycotoxin, ochratoxin A, OTA, poultry feedAbstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a serious problem affecting the poultry industry as well as a health hazard for humans consuming contaminated poultry meat. The aim of this study was to determine OTA levels in the feed used in some poultry farms in Ismailia, Egypt and in organs of birds from those farms. Commercial ELISA kits were used to detect levels of OTA in poultry feed samples and main feed ingredients as well as its residues in bird’s tissues (Kidney, liver and muscles). Poultry feed samples were also tested for mycological contaminations. The most common commercial toxin binders were also evaluated in vitro. OTA concentration in poultry feed and ingredients ranged from 7.10-20.72 μg/kg. Soybean meal samples showed the lowest concentration, while rations formulated within the farm had the highest mean concentration. Producers using different toxin binders had a significant lower OTA concentration in their rations (p<0.05) as compared to those not using binders. OTA residues in different tissues were high in kidney and liver as compared to muscles. Asprigillus flavus was isolated from 80% of the examined feed samples. Different binders showed different abilities to bind OTA in vitro with highest binding capacity for yeast as compared to other commercially available binders.
References
Accensi, F., M.L. Abarca and F.J. Cabanes, 2004. Occurrence of Aspergillus species in mixed feeds and component raw materials and their ability to produce ochratoxin A. Food Microbiol., 21: 623-627.
Agouz, H.M. and W. Anwer, 2011. Effect of biogen® and Myco-ad® on the growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed a mycotoxin contaminated aquafeed. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 6: 334-345.
Aoudia, N., E.K. Tangni and Y. Larondelle, 2008. Distribution of ochratoxin A in plasma and tissues of rats fed a naturally contaminated diet amended with micronized wheat fibres: Effectiveness of mycotoxin sequestering activity. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46: 871-878.
Zohair, A. and A.B. Salim, 2006. A study of human exposure to Ochratoxin A in selected population in Egypt. American-Euurassian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 1: 19-25.
Bhat, R.V., 1988. Mould deterioration of agricultural commodities during transit: Problems faced by developing countries. Int. J. Food. Microbiol., 7: 219-225.
Blesa, J., J.M. Soriano, J.C. Molto and J. Manes, 2004. Absence ochratoxin a in soy sauce. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 97: 221-225.
Castella, G., T.O. Larsen, J. Cabanes, H. Schmidt and A. Alboresi et al., 2002. Molecular characterization of ochratoxin A producing strains of the genus Penicillium. J. Syst. Applied Microbiol., 25: 74-83.
Christensen, M., 1982. The Aspergillus ochraceus group: Two new species from western soils and a synoptic key. Mycologia, 74: 210-225.
Denning, D.W., 1998. Invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 26: 781-803.
Dwivedi, P. and R.B. Burns, 1984. Pathology of ochratoxicosis in young broiler chicks. Res. Vet. Sci., 36: 92-103.
Ferrufino-Guardia, E.V., E.K. Tangni, Y. Larondelle and S. Ponchaut, 2000. Transfer of ochratoxin A during lactation: Exposure of suckling via the milk of rabbit does fed a naturally contaminated feeds. Food Addit. Contam., 17: 167-175.
Figueroa, S., S. Centeno, M.A. Calvo, A. Rengel and C. Adelantado, 2009. Mycobiota and concentration of ochratoxin a in concentrated poultry feed from Venezuela. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12: 589-594.
Galtier, P., 1991. Pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A in animals. Int. Agency Res. Cancer Sci. Publ., 115: 187-200.
Ghannoum, M.A., 1988. Studies on the anticandidal mode of action of Allium sativum (garlic). J. Gen. Microbiol., 134: 2917-2924.
Harwig, J., T. Kuiper-Goodman and P.M. Scott, 1983. Microbial Food Toxicants: Ochratoxins. In: Handbook of Foodborne Diseases of Biological Origin, M. Reichcigl (Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp: 193-238.
Hedayati, M.T., A.C. Pasqualotto, P.A. Warn, P. Bowyer and D.W. Denning, 2007. Aspergillus flavus: Human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Microbiology, 153: 1677-1692.
Huwig, A., S. Freimund, O. Kappeli and H. Dutler, 2001. Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicol. Lett., 122: 179-188.
Klich, M.A. and J.I. Pitt, 1988. A Laboratory Guide to Common Aspergillus Species and their Teleomorphs. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Food Processing, North Ryde, Australia.
Larsen, T.O., M. Gareis and J.C. Frisvad, 2002. Cell cytotoxicity and mycotoxin and secondary metabolite production by common penicillia on cheese agar. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50: 6148-6152.
Madhyastha, S.M., R.R. Marquardt, A.A. Frohlich, G. Platford and D. Abramson, 1990. Effects of different cereal and oilseed substrates on the growth and production of toxins by Aspergillus alutaceus and Penicillium verrucosum. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38: 1506-1510.
Manafi, M., H.D. Narayanaswamy and N. Pirany, 2009. In vitro binding ability of mycotoxin binder incommercial broiler feed. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 4: 141-143.
Mantle, P.G., 2008. Interpretation of the pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A in blood plasma of rats, during and after acute or chronic ingestion. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46: 1808-1816.
Nedeljkovi-Trailovi, E., N. Jovanovi and Z. Sinovec, 2004. Effects of exposure time and dietary ochratoxin A level on broiler performance. Acta Veterinaria, 54: 419-426.
Nunez, Y.P., E. Pueyo, A.V. Carrascosa and A.J. Martinez-Rodriguez, 2008. Effects aging and heat treatment on whole yeast cells and yeast cell walls and on adsorption of Ochratoxin A in a wine model system. J. Food Prot., 71: 1496-1499.
Pai, S.T. and M.W. Platt, 1995. Antifungal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract against the Aspergillus species involved in otomycosis. Lett. Applied Microbiol., 20: 14-18.
Piotrowska, M. and Z. Zakowska, 2005. The elimination of ochratoxin A by lactic acid bacteria strains. Polish J. Microbiol., 54: 279-286.
Pitt, J.I., 1987. Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium verrucosum and production of ochratoxin A. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 53: 266-269.
Prior, M.G., J.B. O'Neil and C.S. Sisodia, 1980. Effects of ochratoxin A on growth response and residues in broilers. J. Poult. Sci., 59: 1254-1257.
Raper, K.B. and D.I. Fennell, 1965. The Genus Aspergillus. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Maryland, Pages: 686.
Ringot, D., B. Lerzy, K. Chaplain, J.P. Bonhoure, E. Auclair and Y. Larondelle, 2007. In vitro biosorption of ochratoxin A on the yeast industry by-products: Comparison of isotherm models. Bioresour. Technol., 98: 1812-1821.
Schiavone, A., C. Cavallero, L. Girotto, L. Pozzo, S. Antoniazzi and L. Cavallarin, 2008. A survey on the occurrence of ochratoxin A in feeds and sera collected in conventional and organic poultry farms in Northern Italy. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 7: 495-503.
Schuster, E., N. Dunn-Coleman, J. Frisvad and P. van Dijck, 2002. On the safety of Aspergillus niger-A review. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 59: 426-435.
Schwerdt, G., R. Freudinger, S. Silbernag and M. Gekle, 1999. Ochratoxin A-binding proteins in rat organs and plasma and different cell lines of the kidney. Toxicology, 135: 1-10.
Stoev, S.D., 2010. Studies on carcinogenic and toxic effects of ochratoxin A in chicks. Toxins, 2: 649-664.
Verma, J., T.S. Johri, B.K. Swain and S. Ameena, 2004. Effect of graded levels of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and their combinations on the performance and immune response of broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 45: 512-518.
Turbic, A., J.T. Ahokas and C.A. Haskard, 2002. Selective in vitro binding of dietary mutagens, individually or in combination, by lactic acid bacteria. Food Addit. Contam., 19: 144-152.
Wang, G.H., C.Y. Xue, F. Chen, Y.L. Ma, X.B. Zhang, Y.Z. Bi and Y.C. Cao, 2009. Effects of combinations of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin on immune function of yellow-feathered broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 88: 504-510.
WHO, 2002. Evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Fifty-Sixth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series 906, Geneva, Switzerland.
Yoshida, S., S. Kasuga, N. Hayashi, T. Ushiroguchi, H. Matsuur and S. Nakagawa, 1987. Antifungal activity of ajoene derived from garlic. Appl. Environ. Microbial., 53: 615-617.
Zepnik, H., V. Wolfgang and W. Dekant, 2003. Toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in F 344 rats after oral administration. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol., 192: 36-44.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
