International Journal of Poultry Science
The International Journal of Poultry Science (IJPS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access international journal committed to publishing high-quality and innovative research in all areas of poultry science. The journal serves as a global platform for researchers, academicians, veterinarians, nutritionists, and industry professionals to share original findings and reviews that advance the scientific understanding and practical applications of poultry production and health.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Indigenous Chicken Ecotypes in Ethiopia: Growth and Feed Utilization Potentials
Growth performances and feed utilization potentials of six chicken populations were investigated at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre, Ethiopia. Five local ecotypes originated from different Agro-ecologies and corresponding market sheds in Ethiopia, namely, Tilili, Horro, Chefe, Jarso, Tepi, and the Fayoumi breed was used as a reference breed. Ecotype had a significant (p<0.01) effect on overall body weight gain per bird and mean body weight gain per bird per day from day old to 12 weeks of age. The highest body weight gain per bird was recorded for Fayoumi chicks. The Fayoumi chicks were 11.9, 97.7 and 49.4% heavier than chicks from Chefe (heaviest locals at this age) ecotype, Jarso (least total body weight gain among the locals at this age) ecotype and mean daily gain of all local ecotypes, respectively at six weeks of age. Chefe chicks ecotypes showed 76.8% positive deviation over chicks from Jarso market sheds in terms of total body weight gain per bird at this age. The Fayoumi chicks consumed 41, 115 and 65% more feed than chicks from Chefe ecotype (highest body weight gain and feed intake among locals at this age), Jarso ecotype (lowest body weight gain and least feed intake among the locals at this age) and the mean feed intake of all local ecotypes, at six weeks of age, respectively. Among the local ecotypes, Jarso and Tepi had the smaller body weight gains while Chefe and Tilili had larger weight gains. The result from the analysis of variance showed a highly significant (p<0.001) difference on body weight gain per bird, average body weight gain per bird per day, feed intake per bird, average feed intake per bird per day and feed conversion ratio (feed: gain) among the different ecotypes and sex from six to 12 weeks of age. The highest body weight gain per bird and mean daily body weight gain per bird per day among the locals were recorded for Tilili growers. The Fayoumi chicks were 28, 77 and 52% heavier than chicks from Tilili ecotypes (heaviest locals at this age), Tepi ecotypes (least total body weight gain among the locals at this age) and mean body weight gain of local birds, respectively. Male growers from Tilili ecotype (heaviest locals at this age), Tepi ecotype (least total body weight gain among the locals at this age) and mean body weight gain of local birds, were 22, 30 and 33% heavier in body weight gain per bird over female chicken at twelve weeks of age, respectively. Feed conversion ratio was also significantly (p<0.01) affected by ecotypes. The highest feed requirement per unit gain was recorded for the Fayoumi chicks followed by chicks from Tepi and Horro chicks and the lowest feed requirement per units of gain was recorded for Tilili and Chefe chicks with feed conversion ratio of 4.95g and 5.2g feed per unit of gain, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2003 Asian Network for Scientific Information https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chicken Genetic Signatures Reveal a Long-Term Historical Relationship Between Zanzibar and Oman
Background and Objective: Understanding the historical dispersal of indigenous chickens offers valuable insights into past human mobility, trade networks and livestock adaptation. This study examined the maternal genetic relationships between indigenous chicken populations from Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba) and Oman using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequence analysis. Materials and Methods: mtDNA sequences were analyzed to assess genetic diversity, population structure, phylogenetic relationships and historical gene flow. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices, Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), pairwise FST values, phylogenetic networks and neutrality tests were employed to infer evolutionary and demographic patterns. Results: High haplotype diversity and a predominance of within-population genetic variation (81.39%) were observed, indicating repeated introductions followed by local population expansion rather than long-term isolation. Extensive sharing of maternal haplotypes between Zanzibar and several Omani ecotypes, particularly Dhofar and Musandam, was detected. A dominant ancestral haplogroup accounted for nearly 79% of all haplotypes and exhibited a star-like topology, consistent with demographic expansion from a common maternal source. Gene flow estimates (Nm >1) across most population pairs suggest sustained historical maternal exchange sufficient to counteract genetic drift. Notably, some Omani ecotypes showed greater genetic differentiation among themselves than relative to Zanzibar populations, reflecting localized divergence following dispersal. Conclusion: These genetic patterns closely correspond with archaeological and historical evidence of Indian Ocean maritime trade linking East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The findings indicate that chickens were repeatedly transported as part of long-standing trade, settlement and provisioning systems. Overall, this study highlights the utility of mtDNA in reconstructing livestock dispersal histories and underscores the importance of conserving indigenous chicken populations as reservoirs of genetic, cultural and adaptive diversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Charles M. Lyimo, Badar Al-Qamashoui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx Supplementation on Productive and Blood Parameters in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Intermittent Heat Stress
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with Hibiscus sabdariffa (Hs) calyces on productive performance, hematological parameters, plasma corticosterone and serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in broiler chickens exposed to intermittent heat stress. Materials and Methods: A total of 208 Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to four experimental groups: Control (thermoneutral conditions, no Hs), CHs (thermoneutral conditions, 2% Hs), Stre (heat stress for 5 consecutive hours per day, no Hs) and Stre/Hs (heat stress, 2% Hs). Two ambient temperature conditions (25 and 35°C) and dietary treatments were applied from day 28 to day 49 of age. Feed intake, water intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio were recorded throughout the experimental period. On day 49, blood samples were collected for leukocyte differential counts and determination of corticosterone, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations. Results: Broilers exposed to heat stress (Stre and Stre/Hs) exhibited reduced body weight and feed intake and increased feed conversion ratios, reflecting diminished productive efficiency compared with thermoneutral groups. Heat stress was associated with elevated circulating corticosterone and decreased proportions of lymphocytes and monocytes. Although, Hs supplementation did not improve productive performance, it significantly reduced serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in both thermoneutral and heat-stressed birds, indicating a modulatory effect on the inflammatory response. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with 2% H. sabdariffa calyces mitigated the pro-inflammatory response induced by intermittent heat stress, as evidenced by reduced IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations, without significantly affecting productive performance in broiler chickens.
Copyright (c) 2026 L. E. Santillan-Padilla, A. Santerre, J. Bañuelos-Pineda, J. R. Cuéllar-Pérez, M. Rosales-Cortes, L. O. Aguirre-López https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Productive and Reproductive Performance Diversity of Indigenous Chicken in Eritrea
Background and Objective: Poultry production in Eritrea is predominantly traditional and relies largely on indigenous chickens (ICs). This study evaluated the productive and reproductive variability among IC ecotypes across 16 sub-regions, representing approximately 24% of the country’s administrative areas. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 384 households across 105 villages using structured questionnaires. Egg weight and external egg quality traits were measured using digital balances and calipers. Non-parametric variables related to broodiness management were analyzed using chi-square (χ²) tests in SPSS version 27 and visualized with DATAtab. Parametric traits, including inter-clutch period (ICP), hatchability, survivability and productivity parameters, were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test in JMP Pro 17. The influence of traditional broodiness management practices on ICP was further evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) implemented in RStudio version 4.3.0 with the glmmTMB package. Farmers’ trait preferences were quantified using the Relative Importance Index (RII), while effective population size (Ne) and inbreeding rate (ΔF) were estimated for mature flocks. Results: Significant variation was observed in broodiness control practices (χ² = 475.36, p< 0.001), with 72% of farmers employing leg-tying, which significantly influenced ICP (F = 10.4058, p<0.001). The longest ICPs were recorded in the BAR (5.92 weeks) and GOG (4.50 weeks) ecotypes. GLMM results indicated that only traditional management practices had a significant effect on ICP (p<0.05). Across ecotypes, mean brooding frequency was 2.54 times per hen per year, with an average of 10.94 eggs set per clutch. Mean hatchability was 81.27% (range: 73.78-87.90%), while chick survivability to eight weeks averaged 51.31% (range: 45.19-61.88%). Productivity parameters showed that cockerels reached mating age at 5.55±0.04 months, while pullets attained first egg laying at 6.29±0.03 months. Hens averaged 3.39±0.045 clutches per year, 12.08±0.14 eggs per clutch and 40.77±0.70 eggs per year, with significant variation among ecotypes (p<0.0001). Mean egg weight was 44.15±0.33 g (range: 35.19-50.89 g; p<0.0001) and the mean shape index was 74.91±0.24% (p = 0.0308). Farmers ranked egg production as the most important trait in hens (RII = 0.81) and plumage colour as the most important trait in cocks (RII = 0.88). The mean effective population size was 4.6, corresponding to an inbreeding rate of 11.4% per generation. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate substantial productive and reproductive diversity among indigenous chicken ecotypes in Eritrea, highlighting opportunities for targeted genetic improvement and sustainable management strategies tailored to specific production objectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hortuma A. Habteslasie, Kiplangat Ngeno, Tobias O. Okeno, Tadelle Dessie, Alexander Kahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Emulsifier Additive on Nutrient Digestibility and Growth Performance in Broiler Chickens
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of graded levels of soybean oil, with or without emulsifier supplementation, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AMEn) in broiler chickens during the starter and finisher phases. Materials and Methods: Five dietary soybean oil levels (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 g/kg) were evaluated in the presence or absence of an emulsifier, resulting in 10 dietary treatments. A total of 600 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers (starter phase, 14-21 days) and 360 thirty-five-day-old males (finisher phase, 35-42 days) were randomly allocated to treatments with six replicates. Total excreta collection was conducted to determine the Coefficient of Total Tract Apparent Digestibility (CTTAD) of Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and AMEn corrected for nitrogen. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and contrast procedures. Results: Emulsifier supplementation significantly improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in both the starter and finisher phases. In the starter phase, DM digestibility increased at 30 and 60 g/kg soybean oil (0.747 vs. 0.729; 0.740 vs. 0.722) and AMEn increased by 0.26-0.29 MJ/kg in diets containing 30-60 g/kg oil. In the finisher phase, DM digestibility improved at 45 and 60 g/kg oil (0.763 vs. 0.741; 0.743 vs. 0.724), while AMEn increased by 0.34-0.42 MJ/kg within the same oil range. Crude protein digestibility was not influenced by dietary treatments in either phase. Conclusion: Dietary emulsifier supplementation enhances growth performance, DM digestibility and AMEn in broilers, particularly in diets containing 30-60 g/kg soybean oil. These findings highlight the potential of emulsifiers to improve energy utilization and support more efficient formulation strategies in commercial broiler feeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 L.V. Teixeira, A.G. Bertechini, M.N. Soares, C.M. Rocha Junior, B.G. Amorim, J. Van Soest, T.S. Ferreira, S.G. Pinheiro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comprehensive Assessment of Biosecurity and Health Management in the Layer Poultry Sector of Batangas, Philippines
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the health management strategies and biosecurity practices implemented in commercial layer farms in Batangas, Philippines and to identify gaps that may compromise flock health and disease prevention. Materials and Methods: A purposive sampling approach was employed to survey 100 commercial layer farms registered with the Department of Agriculture Region IV-A, each housing 500 to >5,000 layers. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and on-site observations, covering vaccination programs, behavioral management practices, egg-handling procedures and biosecurity measures. Results: Vaccination was universally practiced across farms, although significant variation was observed in the modes of administration and frequency of veterinarian visits. Debeaking was routinely implemented as a preventive measure against feather pecking and cannibalism and farms commonly used isolation and environmental enrichment to manage aggressive behaviors. Eggwashing practices differed widely; while most farms avoided washing due to concerns about spoilage, a smaller proportion performed pre-washing, drying and sanitizing steps consistent with national guidelines. Biosecurity measures were generally well adopted, with footbaths serving as the primary disinfection method. Nonetheless, inconsistencies were noted in disinfectant maintenance, use of personal protective equipment, waste handling and other critical procedures. Good housekeeping, restricted visitor access and disease monitoring were commonly practiced to reduce disease transmission risks. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate considerable adherence to recommended health and biosecurity standards among commercial layer farms in Batangas. However, gaps in the consistency and quality of implementation persist. Strengthening farm-level biosecurity protocols, waste management, monitoring systems and capacitybuilding initiatives is essential to support sustainable egg production and enhance disease prevention within the province.
Copyright (c) 2026 MONETTE DE CASTRO-NAAGAS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Current Trends of Chicken Processing in Different Wet Marketplaces of Dhaka City: A Food Safety and Public Health Concern
Objective: This study aimed to characterize the meat-processing practices employed by butcher shops in Dhaka city and to assess the associated microbial contamination that may pose public health risks. Materials and Methods: A standardized questionnaire was administered in 27 butcher shops located within several wet markets across Dhaka. In addition, raw chicken breast muscle samples were collected to determine microbial loads. Results: A variety of live chicken breeds were available for sale in the wet markets; however, the facilities for hygienic slaughter and processing were generally inadequate. Although multiple types of poultry were present, live birds were not provided directly to customers. The majority of customers (90%) preferred skinless processed chicken, while only 10% purchased dressed chicken. Microbiological analyses revealed that the Total Coliform Count (TCC) ranged from 2.69 to 3.37 log CFU/mL, whereas the Total Viable Count (TVC) ranged from 3.73 to 4.61 log CFU/mL. Although these values fall within permitted limits, the detection of these microorganisms in meat products raises concerns regarding food safety. Conclusion: The prevailing chicken processing practices in Dhaka’s wet markets pose potential public health risks due to inadequate hygiene and the presence of microbial contaminants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Saiful Islam, Md. Abdus Shabur Talukder, Zannatul Naim, Mirza Sadi Salman Siyam, Rahat Nahiyan Ramim, Md. Asaduzzaman, Md. Arafat Hossain, Abdur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal (Glycine max L. Merr, 1917) by Cashew Nut Meal (Anacardium occidentale L., 1753) on the Zootechnical and Economic Performances of Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens in Burkina Faso
Background and Objective: In Burkina Faso, fluctuations in the availability and cost of soybean meal constitute major constraints for poultry farmers, particularly during certain periods of the year. This study therefore sought to identify alternative locally available protein sources capable of replacing soybean meal while sustaining or enhancing the production performance of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: The experiment followed a completely randomized block design comprising three dietary treatments with three replications, conducted in a henhouse partitioned into nine pens. A total of 225 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three diets: A control diet Containing Soybean Meal (RSM), a diet containing 2% cashew nut meal (RCNM-2%) and a diet containing 2.5% cashew nut meal (RCNM-2.5%). Results: Soybean meal exhibited a higher Total Nitrogen Matter (TNM) content (43%) compared with cashew nut meal (13.48%). Experimental results showed that birds fed the RSM diet had a significantly higher mean live weight (1,322.67±168.33 g) than those receiving RCNM-2% (1,169.00±177.25 g) and RCNM-2.5% (1,235.46±171.00 g). However, during the starter phase, the performance of birds fed RCNM-2.5% was statistically comparable to that of birds fed the RSM diet. Conclusion: These findings indicate that cashew nut meal can partially substitute soybean meal in broiler diets, particularly during the starter phase.
Copyright (c) 2026 André Zongo, René Tikwindé Zongo, Arouna Ouedraogo, Valerie Marie Christiane Bougouma-Yaméogo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Live Black Soldier Fly Larvae Ingestion In Broiler Chickens Growth Performance and Carcass Quality Characteristics
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the gradual ingestion of live Black Soldier Fly Larvae (LBSFL) prior to feed distribution on the growth performance and carcass quality characteristics of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 unsexed COBB 500 broiler chickens, 21 days of age, were used in a 4-week feeding trial. Birds were randomly assigned to 20 batches (4 birds per batch) housed in a 50 m² (10 m×5 m) poultry facility. Four dietary treatments were formulated: a control group without LBSFL supplementation (LBSFL0) and three experimental groups receiving 3 g (LBSFL3), 6 g (LBSFL6), or 9 g (LBSFL9) of live larvae per bird per day, administered prior to the distribution of the commercial feed. Each treatment was randomly allocated to five replicate batches. Growth performance parameters included feed intake, live body weight, Average Daily Gain (ADG) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). Carcass characteristics measured were carcass weight and yield, viscera weight, full intestine weight, empty gizzard weight and liver yield. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were applied to evaluate linear and quadratic effects of increasing LBSFL ingestion levels on growth and carcass parameters. Results: Feed intake and FCR were not significantly influenced by LBSFL supplementation (p>0.05). However, live body weight and ADG significantly increased (p<0.05) with higher levels of LBSFL ingestion. Among carcass characteristics, only the empty gizzard weight was significantly affected (p<0.05), while other organ and carcass yields remained unchanged (p>0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of live Black Soldier Fly Larvae at levels up to 9 g per bird per day can be safely incorporated into broiler diets without adverse effects on growth performance or carcass quality. Further economic evaluation is recommended to determine the most cost-effective inclusion rate for commercial production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brah, Nouri, Moussa, Hassan Ousseini, Zounon, Felix, Abdoulaye, Ousseina, Amadou, Laouali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken Fed with Different Levels of Fermented-Dried Azolla (Azolla pinnata) and IPIL-IPIL (Leucaena leucocephala) Leaf Meal
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of fermented-dried Azolla (Azolla pinnata) and Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf meal supplementation on the growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. The research sought to identify sustainable, locally available and cost-effective feed alternatives that could support the Philippine poultry industry’s shift toward environmentally friendly feeding practices. Materials and Methods: A total of 60-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments under a Completely Randomized Design for a period of 28 days. The treatments consisted of: (T1) pure commercial feed (control), (T2) 40 g Azolla + 40 g Ipil-Ipil/kg feed, (T3) 80 g Azolla/kg feed and (T4) 80 g Ipil-Ipil/kg feed. Parameters measured included feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight gain, water intake, dressed weight, dressing percentage, carcass drip loss and net profit. Data were statistically analyzed to determine significant differences among treatment means. Results: Broilers supplemented with 80 g fermented-dried Azolla/kg feed exhibited the highest mean feed consumption (1.84 kg), the best FCR (1.73) and significantly greater weight gain (1.06 kg) compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in water intake, dressed weight, dressing percentage, or carcass drip loss among the treatments. Economic analysis indicated that birds receiving 80 g fermented-dried Azolla/kg feed achieved the highest net profit (Php 67.55 per head). Conclusion: The inclusion of fermented-dried Azolla at 80 g/kg feed improved growth performance and feed efficiency in broiler chickens without adversely affecting carcass quality. Given its local availability, high protein content and cost-effectiveness, fermented-dried Azolla presents a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative feed supplement for small-scale poultry producers in the Philippines. Further research is recommended to determine the long-term impacts and optimal inclusion levels for practical field applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shyn G. Silvestre, Sheryl Mae N. Lava, Zandro O. Perez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determining the Point of B-Cell Differentiation in the Bursa of Broiler Chicken Embryos with Phenotype Analysis
Background and Objective: A major B-cell differentiation event has been reported to occur in the bursa between Embryonic Days (ED) 15-19 and is detected by the upregulation in expression of a Lewis×(Lex) carbohydrate on developing B-cells using monoclonal antibodies. The goal of this project was to determine the onset of Lex expression in bursal B-cells in the Ross 708 broiler line. Materials and Methods: Frozen sections of pooled bursas were prepared from ED15 and ED19 and were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the anti-Lex and anti-chB6 antibodies. Results: In the embryonic bursa, very low levels of Lex expression was detected by ED15. However, the intensity of Lex expression increased markedly at ED19 and co-localized with a B-cell- specific marker in the developing bursal follicles. Conclusion: We conclude that repertoire development initiates between ED15 and ED19 in the embryonic bursa of the Ross 708 line, as has been shown in White Leghorn embryos in studies by others. This information is important for planning future B-cell development studies in this broiler line.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Inappropriate Transport on the Welfare and Cut Quality of Broilers: A Review
Since Brazil is one of the largest consumers and exporters of broiler chickens, poultry farming plays a crucial role in the Brazilian economy. However, the consumer market increasingly demands practices compatible with animal welfare. The pre-slaughter processes (handling and transport) are especially challenging for professionals of this industry. This review of the literature was aimed to highlight important aspects to improve welfare of birds during these processes. The importance of stressors such as environmental temperature, humidity, population density of vehicles and transport and failures in catching animals was discussed in this review. During harvesting, thermal stress and management failures cause a large proportion of birds to present carcass defects, such as injuries, fractures, Pale Soft and Exudative and an increase in the rate of Dead on Arrival. The high population density and inadequate distribution of animals in the transport compartment can result in the formation of heat and humidity islands and reduce ventilation efficiency, causing thermal stress to occur. Deaths can occur at any stage up to the slaughterhouse, however long journeys under inadequate transport conditions, road quality and temperature is more like to cause deaths. Logistics adaptations in the transport system and better-quality control and identification of risk factors are essential to avoid injuries and mortality of birds during transport.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hansheys Ménard, V.M.L. Galvão, A.P. Reis, A.F. Soares https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Routes of Infection on the Pathology and Pathogenesis of Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus in Cockerel Chickens
Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of routes of infection on pathogenesis of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) infection. Materials and Methods: A total of two hundred and eighty day-old chicks were used in this study. At six weeks of age, the birds were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) of 60 birds per group except group D with 40 birds. The inoculum of Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus (VNDV) Kudu113 strain, acquired from NVRI Vom was diluted with PBS to 104.36 per milliliter (ELD50). Each bird from groups A, B and C received 0.2mL of the inoculum, orally, intramuscularly (IM) and intratracheally (IT) respectively. In group D, 10 birds were tagged and introduced into each of the groups A, B, C and E, to be challenged through contact. The clinical signs, body weight and PM lesions were recorded; the hematology, HI titre was determined. The data obtained were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The birds infected through IM came down with the clinical signs of NDV such that 25% presented with depression and greenish diarrhea by day 2 PI but reached 100% mortality by day 6 PI. The birds infected through IT also came down with the infection on day 2 PI with 5% depression, greenish diarrhea and 100% mortality by day 6 PI. Birds infected through oral and contact routes had depression rate of 85 and 66.7%, respectively. Orally infected birds had 100% mortality by day 9 PI while those infected through contact had 100% mortality by day 11 PI. The lesions of NDV persisted for 5 to 6 days in the birds infected via IM and IT. But those infected by oral and contact routes had lesion (severe atrophy of the thymus, bursa, proventricular hemorrhages and intestinal ulcers) which persisted till day 10 PI. Conclusion: The result of this study has shown that severity and duration of Newcastle disease in chickens depend on the route of infection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wilfred Sunday Ezema, Chekwube Paul Eze, Anastasia Nebechi Ezema, Innocent Okonkwo Ogbonna, John O. Arinze Okoye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparing the Efficacy of Varieties, Low and High Phytase-expressing Corn, at Equivalent Phytase Levels on Broiler Performance and Bone Ash
Objective: A study was conducted to compare the efficacy of two varieties of corn-expressed phytase [low specific activity (203) and high specific activity (1203)] at equivalent FTU kg–1 in broilers. Materials and Methods: Day-old Cobb 500 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to one of 10 dietary treatments: Positive Control (PC, standard Ca and aP); Negative Control (NC, -0.15% Ca and aP), NC +0.5 kg MT–1 203, NC+1.0 kg MT–1 203, NC +2.0 kg MT–1 203, NC +3.0 kg MT–1 203, T7, NC+0.18 kg MT–1 1203, NC+0.36 kg MT–1 1203, NC+0.72 kg MT–1 1203, NC +1.08 kg MT–1 1203. All birds were weighed on day 14, 28 and 42 to obtain performance parameters: Body weight (BW), feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). On d28, left tibias were sampled from 3 birds per pen, for a total of 30 birds per treatment to determine tibia bone ash. Results: On day 14 and d28, birds fed diet supplemented with 203 (day 14, 0.50±0.00 kg, day 28, 1.80±0.00 kg) and 1203 (day 14, 0.50±0.01 kg, day 28, 1.81±0.01 kg) were heavier (p<0.05) than PC (day 14, 0.41±0.00 kg, day 28, 1.65±0.03 kg) and NC (day 14, 0.41±0.00 kg, day 28, 1.50±0.03 kg). On day 42, birds fed diet supplemented with 203 (3.41±0.04 kg) and 1203 (3.45±0.03 kg) were heavier (p<0.05) than NC (3.09±0.07 kg). On day 0-28 and day 0-42, birds fed diet supplemented with 203 (day 0-28, 1.41±0.00, day 0-42, 1.61±0.01) and 1203 (day 0-28, 1.41±0.00, day 0-42, 1.59±0.01) improved FCR (p<0.05) compared to NC (day 0-28, 1.52±0.01, day 0-42, 1.67±0.01). On day 28, birds fed diet supplemented with 203 and 1203 (51.69±0.08%) improved bone ash (p<0.05) when compared to NC (47.95±0.95%). Conclusion: Both low specific activity and high specific activity corn-expressed phytase varieties improved BW, FCR and bone ash compared to PC. Inclusion of either phytase improved broiler performance and bone mineralization in Ca and aP reduced diets and there were no discernible differences in the efficacy of these two enzymes at the tested loading rates.
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Zootechnical and Morphological Characteristics of Indigenous Chicken Populations of Koundoul Areas
Background and Objective: In rural areas, local chicken production is very important as the first source of animal protein and a good source of income. This study aimed to identify the zootechnical and phenotypic characteristics of local chickens in Koundoul area. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 households participated in the interview and 400 indigenous chickens were inventoried. Characteristics of farmers such as sex, matrimonial situation, level of study and the principal activities of the survey, the management of the flock, the main constraints, the characteristics of the plumages and the color of the eyes, tarsus, the color and the shape of the beak barbell and the crest were the main focus of the data collection. Results: Results indicated that chicken farming was largely practiced by men and illiterates. This findings revealed that the majority of respondents are married. The average chicken puberty age was 22 ±0.02 weeks, with 12.43±0.41eggs laid per clutch, with 51.55±0.69 eggs per year and 3.05±0.8 clutches per hen per year. The hatchability of eggs from indigenous chicken was 66.66%. Indigenous chickens of the Koundoul area had a black plumage color, orange-red eye color and black beak but the tarsus colors were gray. However, the barbel and crest were pink. The form of the barbel was round and the crest form was simple. Disease, predators and theft were the main constraints faced by local chicken breeding. Conclusion: Although, the performance of domestic chickens in Koundoul area is low, they have a qualitative trait diversity.
Effects of Mangifera indica (Mango) Leaf Powder on Growth Characteristics, Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Gallus gallus Domesticus (Brahma) Hens
Background and Objective: Due to undesirable consequences of synthetic antibiotics in animal farming and ban on their use, it is imperative to find readily available alternatives that are accessible and non-harmful to the environment. This study aimed to evaluate growth performance, biomarkers of oxidative stress and toxicity in Brahma hens fed Mangifera indica (mango) leaf powder. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 Brahma hens, (45 days old), with an average weight of 400 g were divided into 4 groups of 12, according to their body weights. Hens in group 1 (control) were fed a diet without mango leaves powder ad libitum throughout the experiment, while hens in groups 1, 2 and 3 received a control diet supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% M. indica leaves powder, respectively. Results: The addition of M. indica leaves powder to diet did not significantly increase (p>0.05) feed intake, weight gain and mean daily gain compared to control birds. Meanwhile, hens fed the diet containing mango leaf powder had significantly (p<0.05) higher live body weight compared to the control group. Relative liver weight and abdominal fat weights were significantly (p<0.05) lower in mango leaf powder-fed birds compared to controls while the liver size difference was not significant. Only superoxide dismutase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared to control. Conclusion: Mangifera indica leaf powder can be used to improve the growth of Brahma hens, especially the diet supplemented with 0.5% showed the best growth rate.
Combined Effect of Methionine, Lysine and Neem Leaf Meal Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Oxidative Status of Finishing Broilers
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet supplemented with methionine, lysine and neem leaves on growth parameters, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and oxidative status of the liver and the pectoralis muscle of broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 broilers (21 days of age, weighing 431.21±50.62 g), were used in this study. Chicks were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments and 3 replicates of 15 chicks. Group 1 received a standard diet, group 2 received a diet supplemented with lysine (0.7%) and methionine (0.3%), group 3 received a diet supplemented with neem leaves (0.25%) and group 4 received a diet supplemented with lysine/methionine and neem leaves. Feed intake and live body weight were recorded weekly. At 42 days of age, three birds per replicate were randomly selected and fasted for 12 hrs, weighed and slaughtered and blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Liver and muscle samples were also collected for biochemical analyses. Results: Diet supplemented with methionine/lysine or neem leaves did not affect feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The diet supplemented with methionine/lysine and neem leaves significantly increased (p<0.05) the body weight proportion of abdominal fat, bursa and the serum level of globulin. The relative weight of the spleen was increased (p<0.05) with the dietary supplementation of methionine/lysine or neem leaves alone. The serum level of total cholesterol was decreased (p<0.05) in broilers fed on the diet supplemented only with neem leaves. The levels of total protein and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities were increased (p<0.05) in the liver and muscle of chicken fed on the diet supplemented with neem leaves and lysine/methionine. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were increased (p<0.05) in the liver with neem leaves and in the muscle of broilers with lysine/methionine. Irrespective of organs, broilers fed on the non-supplemented diet showed the highest levels (p<0.05) of malondialdehyde (MDA). Diet supplemented with lysine/methionine decreased (p<0.05) red blood cells count and pack cell volume. Conclusion: The combined supplementation of neem leaves (0.25%) and methionine/lysine (0.3%/0.7%) to the diet improved immunity and the antioxidant capacity in broilers without affecting growth performance.
Response of Pullet Chicks on Energy and Protein Ratios in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Objective: This study aimed to determine the appropriate ratio of energy and protein to maintain optimal growth of pullet chicks that will lead to optimum layer performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 270 day-old chicks (Isa Brown), were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement forming 9 treatments with 30 birds per treatment. Each treatment was replicated three times. The chicks were fed diets containing 3 energy (2500, 2700 and 2900 ME (kcal kg–1) and 3 crude protein (CP) levels (18, 20 and 22%) from 2-7 weeks of age. Results: Feed intake of chicks increased with increase in E:P-ratio (from 124.97-139.60 g bird–1 week–1) while at 20 and 22% CP, feed intake of chicks decreased with increase in E:P-ratio. Body weight gain increased with increase in protein levels at the three energy levels. Birds fed on 2500, 2700 and 2900 ME kcal kg–1 showed increased body weight gain (281.17-524.17 g, 282.50-325.83 g and 362.00-492.33 g, respectively) with increment in CP levels from 18, 20 and 22%. Similarly, lower feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed 18, 20 and 22% CP. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that starter chicks fed low energy-high protein diet (2500 ME (kcal kg–1) at 22% CP level grew significantly faster and had lower cost kg–1 gain (₦ 194.25) as compared to other combinations (₦ 204.15 to ₦ 234.57), therefore it is recommended that, starter chicks could be fed on 2500 ME (kcal kg–1) diet at 22% crude protein.
Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Heavy Metals In Grilled Chicken Meats From Benin, West Africa
Background and Objective: There is concern about the safety of food, especially grilled foods in Africa. This study aimed to assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals content in grilled chicken meat and health risk for consumers in Benin. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 samples of grilled chicken meat were collected from Cotonou and Abomey-Calavi following various grilling processes and devices. PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Heavy metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and mercury by spectrophotometer coupled with VP100 hydride generator. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) were used to evaluate the risk of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, lead and cadmium. Results: Whole grilled chicken meat (2.761-4.062 μg kg–1) did not meet the maximum limit of 2 μg kg–1 for benzo(a)pyrene set by European Union except whole pre-cooked grilled chicken meat (0.333±0.033 μg kg–1) and whole grilled chicken meats with wood-device (1.493±0.055 μg kg–1). Regardless of the device, grilled chicken meat skewers contained a tolerable level of benzo(a)pyrene (1.216-1.892 μg kg–1). Lead level in whole (223.3±36 μg kg–1) and skewers (153.3±18 μg kg–1) chicken grilled on cabinet type charcoal-device exceeded the tolerated limit (100 μg kg–1). However, levels of cadmium, mercury and arsenic were in accordance with the regulation in all analyzed samples. Only HQ of benzo(a)pyrene was above 1 (HQ>1) for whole grilled chicken meats consumed daily. Regardless of consumption frequency, HQ of lead and cadmium were less than 1 (HQ<1) for all types of grilled chicken meats. Conclusion: No single metal poses health risk to consumers of grilled chicken meat in Benin. However, there is a potential health risk associated with PAHs in the product, which should be managed.
The Impact of Feeding Strategies to Reduce the Heat Stress in Broiler Production
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate feeding strategies to increase broiler growth rate, reduce heat stress and improve welfare. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 Cobb 500 day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (3×2) forming 3 treatments: T1 (control-ad libitum feeding), T2 (feed withdrawn between 11 am to 4 pm daily) and T3 (ad libitum feed +1% palm oil) and (2 levels of water treatments: P1 (plain portable water) and P2 (Tetrapluera tetraptera powder dissolved in water, as organic anti-heat stressor). Data on growth rate, carcass analysis and blood biochemical parameters were collected. Data were analyzed using the generalized linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The results showed that the total feed consumption, final body weight and weight gain were higher in T3 than that of T1. Both the major and full breast muscle weights for T3 was higher than those of T1 and T2. The carcass parameters were not affected by feeding strategy, water treatment, or their interactions, except for head and full gizzard weights. Platelet counts for T3 was higher but mean platelet volume (MVP) and platelet large cell ratio (PLCR) was higher for T1 than that of T3. The MVP was also higher for P1 than that of P2. Conclusion: The results showed that feeding strategies influenced broiler growth more than water treatment. Prekese had phytochemicals that have inhibitory effects on respiratory illnesses and coccidiosis, such as saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols and tannins.
Dietary Inclusion of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Reared on Hatchery Waste Affects Serum Biochemical and Haematological Parameters of Brahma Chickens
Background and Objective: To address the increasing pressure on the environment and feed costs in livestock, a sustainable production system with non-conventional feedstuff is an urgent priority. This study aimed to investigate the recycling potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on hatchery waste and the effect of larval biomass to serve as a protein ingredient in the diet of Brahma chicken. Materials and Methods: BSFL (4 day-old) were randomly distributed into three formulated diets D1 (66.33% of mango waste plus 33.33% of hatchery waste), D2 (66.33% of kitchen waste plus 33.33% of hatchery waste), D3 (chicken waste plus 33.33% of hatchery waste) in a completely randomized design. Larvae obtained from these substrates were further tested as protein sources in Brahma chicken feed. In a 12 week feeding trial, 54 chicks (21 days old) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments containing 0, 2.5 and 5% of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a replacement for fish meal. Results: Formulated diet significantly (p<0.05) affected larval biomass. The highest larval weight was recorded in D2. The Brahma chicken growth and carcass traits remained comparable across all the treatments. Incorporation of BSFLM in the diet decreased the level of red and white blood cells in Brahma chickens. The Brahma chicken intestinal microbial load was not affected by diet. As compared to the control group, the diet containing BSFLM had the lowest production cost. Conclusion: Black soldier fly larvae can be used as a source of proteins in the diet of Brahma chicken and can fully replace fishmeal with minimal effects on blood biochemistry and hematology.
Free-Range Production System can Improve Bone Strength in Broilers
Background and Objective: Commercial broilers are raised for quick growth and enhanced feed efficiency. However, weight gain does not correlate with slower development of the skeletal system. The weight load causes skeletal problems in birds, forcing them to spend most of their time lying down and unable to express normal behavior. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of free-range production system (FRPS) on broilers' bone strength. Materials and Methods: The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (A, B, C and D) and 3 replications. Three birds were selected randomly from each replication, weighed and then euthanized fortnightly. Increase in skeletal load was estimated for each bird, right tibia de-fleshed, weighed and severed at the midpoint of its length. The inner and outer tibia midway diameters were measured, diameter ratios were (inner to outer) computed and expressed as percentages (IO). Tibia ash (%) and IO ratio were used to determine bone strength. Results: FRPS increased bone ash (%) and decreased skeletal load. Tibia ash (%) of the control treatment (D) and treatments A and B were significantly different (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between tibia ash (%) and the IO ratio (Spearman’s correlation of r = 0.56). Conclusion: The FRPS reduced the load on the bird’s skeleton proportionally to its development stage, suggesting that FRPS increased the strength of bones, thus improved bird welfare.
Endogenous Feeding Practices in Traditional Poultry Production and Local Feed Resources in the Western Plateau Region of Togo
Background and Objective: The profitability of a poultry farm mainly depends on the quality of the feed offered to birds and its cost. This quality of feed is closely linked to feed raw materials. The objective of this study was to inventory the local feed resources that can be used in formulating the diets of poultry in the western plateau region of Togo. Materials and Methods: Thus, a survey was carried out in the seven prefectures of the region among 210 farmers chosen on the basis of the importance of their poultry farm and distributed in 35 villages. Direct questions made it possible to collect information on the number of hens reared, the feedstuffs used, their availability during the year, the mixtures of feed made and the frequency of distribution of feed to chickens. Results: The results showed that the average number of hens was 121 birds per farmer. Thirty-three local feedstuffs, made up of agricultural products (corn, soybeans, sorghum etc.) and their by-products (corn bran, spent grain from Tchouk, termites etc.) and unconventional resources (Taro leaf, cassava etc.) were identified. The most feedstuffs used were white corn (95.71%), small smoked fish debris (77.14%) and roasted soybeans (70.95%). The majority (87.62%) of farmers mix these feed resources before feeding on average 3 times a day to chicks (67.62%) and 2 times a day to adult chickens (63.81%). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the western plateau region of Togo is rich in local feed resources that can be used in traditional poultry feed to reduce feed costs.
Feeding Strategies for Slow-Growing Broilers in the Tropics: Production Efficiency and Welfare Behavior
Background and Objective: Slow-growing broilers are well adapted to tropical climate but have poor growth performance and feed efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy on production efficiency and welfare behavior of slow-growing broilers in the tropics. Materials and Methods: A total of 390 Sasso broiler chickens of 14 days old were divided into three groups of five replicates with 26 chicken per replicate: birds in group A (as control) fed complete diet, birds in group B fed diets with variation in energy content and in group C birds fed diet with energy and protein contents. Feeding behavior at 10 weeks of age and carcass evaluation, abdominal fat and meat pH at 11 weeks of age were evaluated. Results: Results showed that feed intake, energy intake, growth rate and body weight were higher (p<0.05) in broiler chickens of group A compared to those of groups B and C. Protein intake, thigh weight, mortality, feed cost per chicken were similar among all treatment groups (p>0.05). However, birds fed sequentially showed lower abdominal fat, feed conversion ratio and higher economic feed efficiency (p<0.05). In addition, they showed positive welfare behavior under tropical condition. Moreover, carcass weight increased (p<0.05) in birds of groups A and B. The meat pH decreased more rapidly in groups A and C compared to group B. Conclusion: It was concluded that the variation of the energy level of diet can be used as a feeding strategy for slow growing broilers in the tropics.
Correlation Between Environmental and Intestinal Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Different Chicken Flocks
Background and Objective: Clostridium perfringens is a major enteric pathogen of poultry causing necrotic enteritis (NE). Both clinical and subclinical forms of NE are associated with a huge economic loss, so it is very important to detect and study the correlation between environmental and intestinal C. perfringens isolated from different origins in poultry farms. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 intestinal samples were collected from 20 different commercially diseased poultry flock in Egypt, as well as 10 environmental samples from 10 of the 20 farms that had clinical NE. Statistical package for the social sciences was used for cluster analysis and dendrogram construction. Similarity index between all samples was calculated using the online tool. Results: The bacterial susceptibility patterns of both environmental and intestinal isolates showed high resistance index of 100% against streptomycin sulphate, sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim, tetracycline and spectinomycin. The resistance reached 70 and 100% to ampicillin and cefotaxime: 50 and 80% to amoxicillin: 65 and 70% to bacitracin for intestinal and environmental C. perfringens isolates, respectively, while the lowest resistance (27%) was to penicillin V. Using cPCR, all isolates carried α toxin gene, while 60 and 25% of intestinal C. perfringens harbored netβ and β-lactamase (bla), meanwhile, 40 and 60% of environmental C. perfringens were positive for netβ and bla genes, respectively. Conclusion: The results of RAPD analysis, similarity index and dendrograms for 4 environmental and intestinal C. perfringens isolates (with bla gene) showed high similarity mainly with the same ancestor of environmental origin, which may explained that contamination with C. perfringens in the environment acts as a source of horizontal bla gene transfer between different C. perfringens strains within poultry farms.
Comparison of Three Different Vaccination Protocols Against Avian Infectious Anemia with One and Two Vaccines in Breeders and their Impact on Progeny
Background and Objective: Avian Infectious Anemia is widely distributed around the world causing problems for both breeders and broilers. The transmission of this virus can be vertical or horizontal and is characterized by a clinical and subclinical presentation respectively. In order to prevent avian infectious anemia, specific titers are given to the breeder and then passed on to the chick. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of double vaccination in achieving higher and more uniform titers as well as decreasing the number of negative birds. Materials and Methods: The present study compared a traditional single-vaccine versus two other vaccination protocols using two doses in different combinations in three different flocks of Cobb×Cobb breeders. In this research serological evaluation was performed using the Idexx Avian Infectious Anemia Ab Test Laboratory kit. The breeder and the chick at birth was evaluated at different stages. Then they were compared utilizing various statistical methods according to the nature of the data. Results: Significant difference was found in the breeders at 20 weeks in favor of the protocols that used two doses and at 24 weeks in favor of the protocols that used one dose, however no difference was found in one-day-old chick. Conclusion: An additional vaccination against chicken anemia virus does not appear to be beneficial.
The Effect of Feeding a Sweet Potato and/or High-Oleic Peanut Diet on Layer Performance and the Quality and Chemistry of Eggs Produced
Background and Objective: Demand for high energy poultry feed ingredients has increased with increased competition. Hence in this study we aimed to examine the effect of high oleic peanuts (HOPN) and sweet potato by-products (SWP) on hen production and egg quality. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred twenty hens were fed one of 5 treatments for 6 weeks, a conventional control (C1), a soy protein-isolate control (C2), 4% SWP diet, an 8% HOPN diet and a 4% HOPN+4% SWP diet. Eggs, body and feed weights were collected bi-weekly. Eggs were analyzed for quality and chemistry. All data were analyzed using an ANOVA at p<0.05 significance level. Results: Hens fed the C2 and HOPN diets produced significantly more eggs (p<0.01), relative to the other treatments. There were no treatment differences in body or egg weights. Feed conversion was similar between the HOPN, SWP and SWP+HOPN diets. At week 4 and 6, SWP eggs had increased egg yolk color relative to the HOPN and SWP+HOPN treatments (p<0.01). Stearic fatty acid levels were lowest in eggs produced from hens fed the HOPN and SWP+HOPN diets (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Egg yolk color may be enhanced with feeding laying hens a SWP supplemented diet relative to a HOPN-containing diet.
The Importance of Weight Control at Rearing in the Productive Aspects of Free-Range Hens
Background and Objective: Alternative production systems have been welcomed and supported by consumers and egg producers. However, the classic free-range layer farming is a profitable business and suitable to produce egg and meat. The production performance of a layer is determined during the rearing phase. Thus, proper management is essential in order to achieve adequate weight and body composition at the beginning of the production phase so that the birds may reach the fullness of their genetic potential. In this sense, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the management on maintaining the weight uniformity of birds during rearing phase and on the production performance of laying hens. Materials and Methods: This study used the database of the Laboratory of Poultry Science, referring to Hy Line Brown® chickens of the AVIUFSC Lot 018, raised during the period from March 28, 2019 to January 22, 2021. The obtained data were used to determine the growth curves until the end of the rearing phase. The data were also used for exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Mean and variance of body weight per week per group in the rearing phase before and after the relocation was calculated. Results: Raising semi-heavy chickens without controlling weight uniformity during rearing phase produced lighter and more heterogeneous pullets. During rearing, grouping of pullets according to their weight produced more uniform and heavier pullets at transfer age. Heavier pullets become hens with higher egg production per week up to 49 weeks of age. Conclusion: Grouping of pullets according to weight during rearing phase produced more uniform and heavier pullets at transfer age.
Determination of the Nutritional Value of Acacia macrostachya (Reichend.ex DC) and Cirina butyrospermi (Vuillet) Used in Local Chicken Feeding in Burkina Faso
Background and Objective: In Burkina Faso, poultry producers are suffering from the rising feed costs, especially for protein sources such as fishmeal, groundnut cake and soybean meal. The present study aimed to determine the nutritional value of Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya seeds as an alternative feed ingredient for local chickens. Materials and Methods: The dry matter, humidity, crude protein, nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lipids, energy and minerals of Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya seeds were determined. The ash contents and fatty acids profile was investigated. Results: This study revealed that Cirina butyrospermi (50.2% dry basis) and Acacia macrostachya seeds (40.3% dry basis) were high in protein. Concentrations of NDF (32.8±8.35 and 19.7±0.17) and ADF (29.4±1.57 and 18.8±5.05) were found in Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya samples, respectively. Palmitic, Stearic, Linoleic, Oleic and α-Linolenic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in the two plant samples. Both samples contain some minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc) and are rich in energy. Conclusion: Due to their potent source of protein, Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya could be an alternative feed ingredient to reduce the high cost of fishmeal in the local chickens farming system.
Streptococcal Conjunctivitis Outbreak in Boschveld Chickens in Mozambique
Reports on preventable animal diseases are rare, even though this occurs frequently in developing nations. This report highlighted the outbreak of suspected bacterial conjunctivitis in Boschveld chicken that had been transported by road from South Africa to Northern Province of Cabo Delgado. A total of 3694 chickens were used in this study and 672 mortalities occurred. Clinical signs and gross lesions of bacterial conjunctivitis were indicated in the affected birds. Streptococcus spp. was detected in the infected eyes by microbiological analysis. This succinct communication serves to: (a) Reinforce the need for strict measures to reduce chicken stress during long-distance transport, (b) Show that bacteria of the genus Streptococcus should be included in the differential diagnosis of infectious conjunctivitis in Boschveld chicken, (c) Depict the need to avoid chicken imports and depend on local production for the current and future chicken restocking projects and (d) Indicate unavoidable diseases of chickens at larger-scale.