International Journal of Poultry Science
The International Journal of Poultry Science (IJPS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access international journal committed to publishing high-quality and innovative research in all areas of poultry science. The journal serves as a global platform for researchers, academicians, veterinarians, nutritionists, and industry professionals to share original findings and reviews that advance the scientific understanding and practical applications of poultry production and health.
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Determining the Point of B-Cell Differentiation in the Bursa of Broiler Chicken Embryos with Phenotype Analysis
Background and Objective: A major B-cell differentiation event has been reported to occur in the bursa between Embryonic Days (ED) 15-19 and is detected by the upregulation in expression of a Lewis×(Lex) carbohydrate on developing B-cells using monoclonal antibodies. The goal of this project was to determine the onset of Lex expression in bursal B-cells in the Ross 708 broiler line. Materials and Methods: Frozen sections of pooled bursas were prepared from ED15 and ED19 and were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the anti-Lex and anti-chB6 antibodies. Results: In the embryonic bursa, very low levels of Lex expression was detected by ED15. However, the intensity of Lex expression increased markedly at ED19 and co-localized with a B-cell- specific marker in the developing bursal follicles. Conclusion: We conclude that repertoire development initiates between ED15 and ED19 in the embryonic bursa of the Ross 708 line, as has been shown in White Leghorn embryos in studies by others. This information is important for planning future B-cell development studies in this broiler line.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Inappropriate Transport on the Welfare and Cut Quality of Broilers: A Review
Since Brazil is one of the largest consumers and exporters of broiler chickens, poultry farming plays a crucial role in the Brazilian economy. However, the consumer market increasingly demands practices compatible with animal welfare. The pre-slaughter processes (handling and transport) are especially challenging for professionals of this industry. This review of the literature was aimed to highlight important aspects to improve welfare of birds during these processes. The importance of stressors such as environmental temperature, humidity, population density of vehicles and transport and failures in catching animals was discussed in this review. During harvesting, thermal stress and management failures cause a large proportion of birds to present carcass defects, such as injuries, fractures, Pale Soft and Exudative and an increase in the rate of Dead on Arrival. The high population density and inadequate distribution of animals in the transport compartment can result in the formation of heat and humidity islands and reduce ventilation efficiency, causing thermal stress to occur. Deaths can occur at any stage up to the slaughterhouse, however long journeys under inadequate transport conditions, road quality and temperature is more like to cause deaths. Logistics adaptations in the transport system and better-quality control and identification of risk factors are essential to avoid injuries and mortality of birds during transport.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hansheys Ménard, V.M.L. Galvão, A.P. Reis, A.F. Soares https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparing the Efficacy of Varieties, Low and High Phytase-expressing Corn, at Equivalent Phytase Levels on Broiler Performance and Bone Ash
Objective: A study was conducted to compare the efficacy of two varieties of corn-expressed phytase [low specific activity (203) and high specific activity (1203)] at equivalent FTU kg–1 in broilers. Materials and Methods: Day-old Cobb 500 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to one of 10 dietary treatments: Positive Control (PC, standard Ca and aP); Negative Control (NC, -0.15% Ca and aP), NC +0.5 kg MT–1 203, NC+1.0 kg MT–1 203, NC +2.0 kg MT–1 203, NC +3.0 kg MT–1 203, T7, NC+0.18 kg MT–1 1203, NC+0.36 kg MT–1 1203, NC+0.72 kg MT–1 1203, NC +1.08 kg MT–1 1203. All birds were weighed on day 14, 28 and 42 to obtain performance parameters: Body weight (BW), feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). On d28, left tibias were sampled from 3 birds per pen, for a total of 30 birds per treatment to determine tibia bone ash. Results: On day 14 and d28, birds fed diet supplemented with 203 (day 14, 0.50±0.00 kg, day 28, 1.80±0.00 kg) and 1203 (day 14, 0.50±0.01 kg, day 28, 1.81±0.01 kg) were heavier (p<0.05) than PC (day 14, 0.41±0.00 kg, day 28, 1.65±0.03 kg) and NC (day 14, 0.41±0.00 kg, day 28, 1.50±0.03 kg). On day 42, birds fed diet supplemented with 203 (3.41±0.04 kg) and 1203 (3.45±0.03 kg) were heavier (p<0.05) than NC (3.09±0.07 kg). On day 0-28 and day 0-42, birds fed diet supplemented with 203 (day 0-28, 1.41±0.00, day 0-42, 1.61±0.01) and 1203 (day 0-28, 1.41±0.00, day 0-42, 1.59±0.01) improved FCR (p<0.05) compared to NC (day 0-28, 1.52±0.01, day 0-42, 1.67±0.01). On day 28, birds fed diet supplemented with 203 and 1203 (51.69±0.08%) improved bone ash (p<0.05) when compared to NC (47.95±0.95%). Conclusion: Both low specific activity and high specific activity corn-expressed phytase varieties improved BW, FCR and bone ash compared to PC. Inclusion of either phytase improved broiler performance and bone mineralization in Ca and aP reduced diets and there were no discernible differences in the efficacy of these two enzymes at the tested loading rates.
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Zootechnical and Morphological Characteristics of Indigenous Chicken Populations of Koundoul Areas
Background and Objective: In rural areas, local chicken production is very important as the first source of animal protein and a good source of income. This study aimed to identify the zootechnical and phenotypic characteristics of local chickens in Koundoul area. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 households participated in the interview and 400 indigenous chickens were inventoried. Characteristics of farmers such as sex, matrimonial situation, level of study and the principal activities of the survey, the management of the flock, the main constraints, the characteristics of the plumages and the color of the eyes, tarsus, the color and the shape of the beak barbell and the crest were the main focus of the data collection. Results: Results indicated that chicken farming was largely practiced by men and illiterates. This findings revealed that the majority of respondents are married. The average chicken puberty age was 22 ±0.02 weeks, with 12.43±0.41eggs laid per clutch, with 51.55±0.69 eggs per year and 3.05±0.8 clutches per hen per year. The hatchability of eggs from indigenous chicken was 66.66%. Indigenous chickens of the Koundoul area had a black plumage color, orange-red eye color and black beak but the tarsus colors were gray. However, the barbel and crest were pink. The form of the barbel was round and the crest form was simple. Disease, predators and theft were the main constraints faced by local chicken breeding. Conclusion: Although, the performance of domestic chickens in Koundoul area is low, they have a qualitative trait diversity.
Effects of Mangifera indica (Mango) Leaf Powder on Growth Characteristics, Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Gallus gallus Domesticus (Brahma) Hens
Background and Objective: Due to undesirable consequences of synthetic antibiotics in animal farming and ban on their use, it is imperative to find readily available alternatives that are accessible and non-harmful to the environment. This study aimed to evaluate growth performance, biomarkers of oxidative stress and toxicity in Brahma hens fed Mangifera indica (mango) leaf powder. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 Brahma hens, (45 days old), with an average weight of 400 g were divided into 4 groups of 12, according to their body weights. Hens in group 1 (control) were fed a diet without mango leaves powder ad libitum throughout the experiment, while hens in groups 1, 2 and 3 received a control diet supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% M. indica leaves powder, respectively. Results: The addition of M. indica leaves powder to diet did not significantly increase (p>0.05) feed intake, weight gain and mean daily gain compared to control birds. Meanwhile, hens fed the diet containing mango leaf powder had significantly (p<0.05) higher live body weight compared to the control group. Relative liver weight and abdominal fat weights were significantly (p<0.05) lower in mango leaf powder-fed birds compared to controls while the liver size difference was not significant. Only superoxide dismutase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared to control. Conclusion: Mangifera indica leaf powder can be used to improve the growth of Brahma hens, especially the diet supplemented with 0.5% showed the best growth rate.
Combined Effect of Methionine, Lysine and Neem Leaf Meal Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Oxidative Status of Finishing Broilers
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet supplemented with methionine, lysine and neem leaves on growth parameters, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and oxidative status of the liver and the pectoralis muscle of broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 broilers (21 days of age, weighing 431.21±50.62 g), were used in this study. Chicks were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments and 3 replicates of 15 chicks. Group 1 received a standard diet, group 2 received a diet supplemented with lysine (0.7%) and methionine (0.3%), group 3 received a diet supplemented with neem leaves (0.25%) and group 4 received a diet supplemented with lysine/methionine and neem leaves. Feed intake and live body weight were recorded weekly. At 42 days of age, three birds per replicate were randomly selected and fasted for 12 hrs, weighed and slaughtered and blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Liver and muscle samples were also collected for biochemical analyses. Results: Diet supplemented with methionine/lysine or neem leaves did not affect feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The diet supplemented with methionine/lysine and neem leaves significantly increased (p<0.05) the body weight proportion of abdominal fat, bursa and the serum level of globulin. The relative weight of the spleen was increased (p<0.05) with the dietary supplementation of methionine/lysine or neem leaves alone. The serum level of total cholesterol was decreased (p<0.05) in broilers fed on the diet supplemented only with neem leaves. The levels of total protein and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities were increased (p<0.05) in the liver and muscle of chicken fed on the diet supplemented with neem leaves and lysine/methionine. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were increased (p<0.05) in the liver with neem leaves and in the muscle of broilers with lysine/methionine. Irrespective of organs, broilers fed on the non-supplemented diet showed the highest levels (p<0.05) of malondialdehyde (MDA). Diet supplemented with lysine/methionine decreased (p<0.05) red blood cells count and pack cell volume. Conclusion: The combined supplementation of neem leaves (0.25%) and methionine/lysine (0.3%/0.7%) to the diet improved immunity and the antioxidant capacity in broilers without affecting growth performance.
Response of Pullet Chicks on Energy and Protein Ratios in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Objective: This study aimed to determine the appropriate ratio of energy and protein to maintain optimal growth of pullet chicks that will lead to optimum layer performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 270 day-old chicks (Isa Brown), were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement forming 9 treatments with 30 birds per treatment. Each treatment was replicated three times. The chicks were fed diets containing 3 energy (2500, 2700 and 2900 ME (kcal kg–1) and 3 crude protein (CP) levels (18, 20 and 22%) from 2-7 weeks of age. Results: Feed intake of chicks increased with increase in E:P-ratio (from 124.97-139.60 g bird–1 week–1) while at 20 and 22% CP, feed intake of chicks decreased with increase in E:P-ratio. Body weight gain increased with increase in protein levels at the three energy levels. Birds fed on 2500, 2700 and 2900 ME kcal kg–1 showed increased body weight gain (281.17-524.17 g, 282.50-325.83 g and 362.00-492.33 g, respectively) with increment in CP levels from 18, 20 and 22%. Similarly, lower feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed 18, 20 and 22% CP. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that starter chicks fed low energy-high protein diet (2500 ME (kcal kg–1) at 22% CP level grew significantly faster and had lower cost kg–1 gain (₦ 194.25) as compared to other combinations (₦ 204.15 to ₦ 234.57), therefore it is recommended that, starter chicks could be fed on 2500 ME (kcal kg–1) diet at 22% crude protein.
Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Heavy Metals In Grilled Chicken Meats From Benin, West Africa
Background and Objective: There is concern about the safety of food, especially grilled foods in Africa. This study aimed to assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals content in grilled chicken meat and health risk for consumers in Benin. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 samples of grilled chicken meat were collected from Cotonou and Abomey-Calavi following various grilling processes and devices. PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Heavy metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and mercury by spectrophotometer coupled with VP100 hydride generator. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) were used to evaluate the risk of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, lead and cadmium. Results: Whole grilled chicken meat (2.761-4.062 μg kg–1) did not meet the maximum limit of 2 μg kg–1 for benzo(a)pyrene set by European Union except whole pre-cooked grilled chicken meat (0.333±0.033 μg kg–1) and whole grilled chicken meats with wood-device (1.493±0.055 μg kg–1). Regardless of the device, grilled chicken meat skewers contained a tolerable level of benzo(a)pyrene (1.216-1.892 μg kg–1). Lead level in whole (223.3±36 μg kg–1) and skewers (153.3±18 μg kg–1) chicken grilled on cabinet type charcoal-device exceeded the tolerated limit (100 μg kg–1). However, levels of cadmium, mercury and arsenic were in accordance with the regulation in all analyzed samples. Only HQ of benzo(a)pyrene was above 1 (HQ>1) for whole grilled chicken meats consumed daily. Regardless of consumption frequency, HQ of lead and cadmium were less than 1 (HQ<1) for all types of grilled chicken meats. Conclusion: No single metal poses health risk to consumers of grilled chicken meat in Benin. However, there is a potential health risk associated with PAHs in the product, which should be managed.
The Impact of Feeding Strategies to Reduce the Heat Stress in Broiler Production
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate feeding strategies to increase broiler growth rate, reduce heat stress and improve welfare. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 Cobb 500 day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (3×2) forming 3 treatments: T1 (control-ad libitum feeding), T2 (feed withdrawn between 11 am to 4 pm daily) and T3 (ad libitum feed +1% palm oil) and (2 levels of water treatments: P1 (plain portable water) and P2 (Tetrapluera tetraptera powder dissolved in water, as organic anti-heat stressor). Data on growth rate, carcass analysis and blood biochemical parameters were collected. Data were analyzed using the generalized linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The results showed that the total feed consumption, final body weight and weight gain were higher in T3 than that of T1. Both the major and full breast muscle weights for T3 was higher than those of T1 and T2. The carcass parameters were not affected by feeding strategy, water treatment, or their interactions, except for head and full gizzard weights. Platelet counts for T3 was higher but mean platelet volume (MVP) and platelet large cell ratio (PLCR) was higher for T1 than that of T3. The MVP was also higher for P1 than that of P2. Conclusion: The results showed that feeding strategies influenced broiler growth more than water treatment. Prekese had phytochemicals that have inhibitory effects on respiratory illnesses and coccidiosis, such as saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols and tannins.
Dietary Inclusion of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Reared on Hatchery Waste Affects Serum Biochemical and Haematological Parameters of Brahma Chickens
Background and Objective: To address the increasing pressure on the environment and feed costs in livestock, a sustainable production system with non-conventional feedstuff is an urgent priority. This study aimed to investigate the recycling potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on hatchery waste and the effect of larval biomass to serve as a protein ingredient in the diet of Brahma chicken. Materials and Methods: BSFL (4 day-old) were randomly distributed into three formulated diets D1 (66.33% of mango waste plus 33.33% of hatchery waste), D2 (66.33% of kitchen waste plus 33.33% of hatchery waste), D3 (chicken waste plus 33.33% of hatchery waste) in a completely randomized design. Larvae obtained from these substrates were further tested as protein sources in Brahma chicken feed. In a 12 week feeding trial, 54 chicks (21 days old) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments containing 0, 2.5 and 5% of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a replacement for fish meal. Results: Formulated diet significantly (p<0.05) affected larval biomass. The highest larval weight was recorded in D2. The Brahma chicken growth and carcass traits remained comparable across all the treatments. Incorporation of BSFLM in the diet decreased the level of red and white blood cells in Brahma chickens. The Brahma chicken intestinal microbial load was not affected by diet. As compared to the control group, the diet containing BSFLM had the lowest production cost. Conclusion: Black soldier fly larvae can be used as a source of proteins in the diet of Brahma chicken and can fully replace fishmeal with minimal effects on blood biochemistry and hematology.
Free-Range Production System can Improve Bone Strength in Broilers
Background and Objective: Commercial broilers are raised for quick growth and enhanced feed efficiency. However, weight gain does not correlate with slower development of the skeletal system. The weight load causes skeletal problems in birds, forcing them to spend most of their time lying down and unable to express normal behavior. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of free-range production system (FRPS) on broilers' bone strength. Materials and Methods: The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (A, B, C and D) and 3 replications. Three birds were selected randomly from each replication, weighed and then euthanized fortnightly. Increase in skeletal load was estimated for each bird, right tibia de-fleshed, weighed and severed at the midpoint of its length. The inner and outer tibia midway diameters were measured, diameter ratios were (inner to outer) computed and expressed as percentages (IO). Tibia ash (%) and IO ratio were used to determine bone strength. Results: FRPS increased bone ash (%) and decreased skeletal load. Tibia ash (%) of the control treatment (D) and treatments A and B were significantly different (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between tibia ash (%) and the IO ratio (Spearman’s correlation of r = 0.56). Conclusion: The FRPS reduced the load on the bird’s skeleton proportionally to its development stage, suggesting that FRPS increased the strength of bones, thus improved bird welfare.
Endogenous Feeding Practices in Traditional Poultry Production and Local Feed Resources in the Western Plateau Region of Togo
Background and Objective: The profitability of a poultry farm mainly depends on the quality of the feed offered to birds and its cost. This quality of feed is closely linked to feed raw materials. The objective of this study was to inventory the local feed resources that can be used in formulating the diets of poultry in the western plateau region of Togo. Materials and Methods: Thus, a survey was carried out in the seven prefectures of the region among 210 farmers chosen on the basis of the importance of their poultry farm and distributed in 35 villages. Direct questions made it possible to collect information on the number of hens reared, the feedstuffs used, their availability during the year, the mixtures of feed made and the frequency of distribution of feed to chickens. Results: The results showed that the average number of hens was 121 birds per farmer. Thirty-three local feedstuffs, made up of agricultural products (corn, soybeans, sorghum etc.) and their by-products (corn bran, spent grain from Tchouk, termites etc.) and unconventional resources (Taro leaf, cassava etc.) were identified. The most feedstuffs used were white corn (95.71%), small smoked fish debris (77.14%) and roasted soybeans (70.95%). The majority (87.62%) of farmers mix these feed resources before feeding on average 3 times a day to chicks (67.62%) and 2 times a day to adult chickens (63.81%). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the western plateau region of Togo is rich in local feed resources that can be used in traditional poultry feed to reduce feed costs.
Feeding Strategies for Slow-Growing Broilers in the Tropics: Production Efficiency and Welfare Behavior
Background and Objective: Slow-growing broilers are well adapted to tropical climate but have poor growth performance and feed efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy on production efficiency and welfare behavior of slow-growing broilers in the tropics. Materials and Methods: A total of 390 Sasso broiler chickens of 14 days old were divided into three groups of five replicates with 26 chicken per replicate: birds in group A (as control) fed complete diet, birds in group B fed diets with variation in energy content and in group C birds fed diet with energy and protein contents. Feeding behavior at 10 weeks of age and carcass evaluation, abdominal fat and meat pH at 11 weeks of age were evaluated. Results: Results showed that feed intake, energy intake, growth rate and body weight were higher (p<0.05) in broiler chickens of group A compared to those of groups B and C. Protein intake, thigh weight, mortality, feed cost per chicken were similar among all treatment groups (p>0.05). However, birds fed sequentially showed lower abdominal fat, feed conversion ratio and higher economic feed efficiency (p<0.05). In addition, they showed positive welfare behavior under tropical condition. Moreover, carcass weight increased (p<0.05) in birds of groups A and B. The meat pH decreased more rapidly in groups A and C compared to group B. Conclusion: It was concluded that the variation of the energy level of diet can be used as a feeding strategy for slow growing broilers in the tropics.
Correlation Between Environmental and Intestinal Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Different Chicken Flocks
Background and Objective: Clostridium perfringens is a major enteric pathogen of poultry causing necrotic enteritis (NE). Both clinical and subclinical forms of NE are associated with a huge economic loss, so it is very important to detect and study the correlation between environmental and intestinal C. perfringens isolated from different origins in poultry farms. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 intestinal samples were collected from 20 different commercially diseased poultry flock in Egypt, as well as 10 environmental samples from 10 of the 20 farms that had clinical NE. Statistical package for the social sciences was used for cluster analysis and dendrogram construction. Similarity index between all samples was calculated using the online tool. Results: The bacterial susceptibility patterns of both environmental and intestinal isolates showed high resistance index of 100% against streptomycin sulphate, sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim, tetracycline and spectinomycin. The resistance reached 70 and 100% to ampicillin and cefotaxime: 50 and 80% to amoxicillin: 65 and 70% to bacitracin for intestinal and environmental C. perfringens isolates, respectively, while the lowest resistance (27%) was to penicillin V. Using cPCR, all isolates carried α toxin gene, while 60 and 25% of intestinal C. perfringens harbored netβ and β-lactamase (bla), meanwhile, 40 and 60% of environmental C. perfringens were positive for netβ and bla genes, respectively. Conclusion: The results of RAPD analysis, similarity index and dendrograms for 4 environmental and intestinal C. perfringens isolates (with bla gene) showed high similarity mainly with the same ancestor of environmental origin, which may explained that contamination with C. perfringens in the environment acts as a source of horizontal bla gene transfer between different C. perfringens strains within poultry farms.
Comparison of Three Different Vaccination Protocols Against Avian Infectious Anemia with One and Two Vaccines in Breeders and their Impact on Progeny
Background and Objective: Avian Infectious Anemia is widely distributed around the world causing problems for both breeders and broilers. The transmission of this virus can be vertical or horizontal and is characterized by a clinical and subclinical presentation respectively. In order to prevent avian infectious anemia, specific titers are given to the breeder and then passed on to the chick. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of double vaccination in achieving higher and more uniform titers as well as decreasing the number of negative birds. Materials and Methods: The present study compared a traditional single-vaccine versus two other vaccination protocols using two doses in different combinations in three different flocks of Cobb×Cobb breeders. In this research serological evaluation was performed using the Idexx Avian Infectious Anemia Ab Test Laboratory kit. The breeder and the chick at birth was evaluated at different stages. Then they were compared utilizing various statistical methods according to the nature of the data. Results: Significant difference was found in the breeders at 20 weeks in favor of the protocols that used two doses and at 24 weeks in favor of the protocols that used one dose, however no difference was found in one-day-old chick. Conclusion: An additional vaccination against chicken anemia virus does not appear to be beneficial.
The Effect of Feeding a Sweet Potato and/or High-Oleic Peanut Diet on Layer Performance and the Quality and Chemistry of Eggs Produced
Background and Objective: Demand for high energy poultry feed ingredients has increased with increased competition. Hence in this study we aimed to examine the effect of high oleic peanuts (HOPN) and sweet potato by-products (SWP) on hen production and egg quality. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred twenty hens were fed one of 5 treatments for 6 weeks, a conventional control (C1), a soy protein-isolate control (C2), 4% SWP diet, an 8% HOPN diet and a 4% HOPN+4% SWP diet. Eggs, body and feed weights were collected bi-weekly. Eggs were analyzed for quality and chemistry. All data were analyzed using an ANOVA at p<0.05 significance level. Results: Hens fed the C2 and HOPN diets produced significantly more eggs (p<0.01), relative to the other treatments. There were no treatment differences in body or egg weights. Feed conversion was similar between the HOPN, SWP and SWP+HOPN diets. At week 4 and 6, SWP eggs had increased egg yolk color relative to the HOPN and SWP+HOPN treatments (p<0.01). Stearic fatty acid levels were lowest in eggs produced from hens fed the HOPN and SWP+HOPN diets (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Egg yolk color may be enhanced with feeding laying hens a SWP supplemented diet relative to a HOPN-containing diet.
The Importance of Weight Control at Rearing in the Productive Aspects of Free-Range Hens
Background and Objective: Alternative production systems have been welcomed and supported by consumers and egg producers. However, the classic free-range layer farming is a profitable business and suitable to produce egg and meat. The production performance of a layer is determined during the rearing phase. Thus, proper management is essential in order to achieve adequate weight and body composition at the beginning of the production phase so that the birds may reach the fullness of their genetic potential. In this sense, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the management on maintaining the weight uniformity of birds during rearing phase and on the production performance of laying hens. Materials and Methods: This study used the database of the Laboratory of Poultry Science, referring to Hy Line Brown® chickens of the AVIUFSC Lot 018, raised during the period from March 28, 2019 to January 22, 2021. The obtained data were used to determine the growth curves until the end of the rearing phase. The data were also used for exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Mean and variance of body weight per week per group in the rearing phase before and after the relocation was calculated. Results: Raising semi-heavy chickens without controlling weight uniformity during rearing phase produced lighter and more heterogeneous pullets. During rearing, grouping of pullets according to their weight produced more uniform and heavier pullets at transfer age. Heavier pullets become hens with higher egg production per week up to 49 weeks of age. Conclusion: Grouping of pullets according to weight during rearing phase produced more uniform and heavier pullets at transfer age.
Determination of the Nutritional Value of Acacia macrostachya (Reichend.ex DC) and Cirina butyrospermi (Vuillet) Used in Local Chicken Feeding in Burkina Faso
Background and Objective: In Burkina Faso, poultry producers are suffering from the rising feed costs, especially for protein sources such as fishmeal, groundnut cake and soybean meal. The present study aimed to determine the nutritional value of Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya seeds as an alternative feed ingredient for local chickens. Materials and Methods: The dry matter, humidity, crude protein, nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lipids, energy and minerals of Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya seeds were determined. The ash contents and fatty acids profile was investigated. Results: This study revealed that Cirina butyrospermi (50.2% dry basis) and Acacia macrostachya seeds (40.3% dry basis) were high in protein. Concentrations of NDF (32.8±8.35 and 19.7±0.17) and ADF (29.4±1.57 and 18.8±5.05) were found in Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya samples, respectively. Palmitic, Stearic, Linoleic, Oleic and α-Linolenic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in the two plant samples. Both samples contain some minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc) and are rich in energy. Conclusion: Due to their potent source of protein, Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya could be an alternative feed ingredient to reduce the high cost of fishmeal in the local chickens farming system.
Streptococcal Conjunctivitis Outbreak in Boschveld Chickens in Mozambique
Reports on preventable animal diseases are rare, even though this occurs frequently in developing nations. This report highlighted the outbreak of suspected bacterial conjunctivitis in Boschveld chicken that had been transported by road from South Africa to Northern Province of Cabo Delgado. A total of 3694 chickens were used in this study and 672 mortalities occurred. Clinical signs and gross lesions of bacterial conjunctivitis were indicated in the affected birds. Streptococcus spp. was detected in the infected eyes by microbiological analysis. This succinct communication serves to: (a) Reinforce the need for strict measures to reduce chicken stress during long-distance transport, (b) Show that bacteria of the genus Streptococcus should be included in the differential diagnosis of infectious conjunctivitis in Boschveld chicken, (c) Depict the need to avoid chicken imports and depend on local production for the current and future chicken restocking projects and (d) Indicate unavoidable diseases of chickens at larger-scale.
Effect of Induced Molting on Production Performance, Egg Quality, Hatching Traits and Juvenile Performance of Sasso Broiler Breeders
Background and Objective: Moulting of older breeders is a procedure to obtain or to increase reproductive performance of breeders by restoration of egg quality. A 15-week study was carried out to examine the effect of induced molting of Sasso broiler breeders by feed withdrawal for a period of 9 days on the production performance, egg quality, hatching traits and 1-week post-hatch chick performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 Sasso broiler breeders (72 weeks old) were randomly allotted to two treatment groups (non-molt and molt) of 120 hens each. Each group was further divided into six replicates with 20 hens per replicate and 2 cocks each. The hens in the molt treatment group were subjected to molting by feed withdrawal for a period of 9 days. After the commencement of egg production, eggs were collected from the two experimental groups and incubated (from the 7th week after molting). Collection and incubation were repeated 5 times. The chicks hatched from these incubations were reared for 1-week. Results: The eggs from the molted hens had a higher albumen height and haugh unit. The eggs from the molted hens had an improvement in fertility while the hatchability of the fertile eggs was not different in the 2 groups. The incubation duration, chick weight and quality at hatch showed no difference between the treatments. At the end of the 7 days post-hatch, there was no difference in chick performance. Conclusion: It was concluded that although induced molting procedure with feed withdrawal improved the production, quality and fertility of eggs of Sasso broiler breeders, it did not influence chick quality and 1-week performance.
Total Replacement of Inorganic Minerals with Organic Ones Improves the Productive Performance of Broilers
Background and Objective: The effectiveness of mineral use is an essential topic in modern poultry feeding. The trend of using organic minerals over inorganic sources in poultry is increasing rapidly as they are supposed to be more bioavailable and efficient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the total replacement of zinc, copper, manganese, iron and selenium mineral supplementation in inorganic form by organic minerals, in the form of chelates - amino acids, on productive performance and pododermatitis score in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 480 Cobb broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and eight replications, as follows: T1 (control, with the inclusion of inorganic minerals) and T2 (total replacement of inorganic mineral sources by the blend of organic minerals, in the inclusion of 1.0 kg t–46443D1, meeting the nutritional requirements of the strain). During 42 experimental days, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, viability, productive efficiency index and pododermatitis score were measured. Results: The birds fed with 1 kg t–46443D1 of the organic blend showed lower feed intake (p = 0.0091), better feed conversion rates (p = 0.043), productive efficiency (p = 0.0065) and viability (p = 0.0465) in relation to the control group. The other variables did not differ statistically, although the group fed with organic minerals had a smaller number of animals with pododermatitis in the most severe scores of the disease. Conclusion: It is concluded that the blend of organic minerals met the nutritional requirements of the strain, by providing better rates of productive performance and can be an efficient substitute for inorganic sources of minerals.
Effect of Seasonality and Dietary Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal on the Quality of Spermatozoa of the Pearl Guinea Fowl Cock
Objective: A study was carried out to determine the effect of graded levels of moringa leaf meal and season on spermatozoa characteristics of the Pearl Guinea fowl cock in Ghana. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two (32) cocks and one hundred and twenty-eight (128) hens aged one-day-old were used for the study after been reared to attain sexual maturity. A completely randomized design with a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement was used for the experiment. Data collected were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS for Windows, version 7) and means were separated by the probability of difference (PDIFF) procedure. Results: Result from this study revealed that, the highest sperm motility occurred in birds fed with the control diet (77.12%) while birds fed with 15% Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) had the lowest sperm motility (55.83%). Semen pH, sperm count and normal spermatozoa increased with increasing dietary moringa leaf meal. Semen pH was higher in birds fed with 15% MOLM (8.00) and lowest in birds fed with the control diet (7.70). Sperm count was higher in birds fed with 15% MOLM (4.63×109 mL) and lowest in birds fed with 9% MOLM (2.33×109 mL). Normal spermatozoa was higher (p<0.05) in birds fed with 15% MOLM (85.42%), whereas, 9% MOLM (74.17%) and the control diet (74.58%) had similar (p>0.05) but significantly lower values for normal sperm. Season had no significant (p>0.05) effect on spermatozoa characteristics except motility and sperm count. Sperm motility was higher (p<0.05) in the dry season (74.09%), whereas minor (67.18%) and major rainy (65.93%) seasons had similar (p>0.05) but significantly lower values for sperm motility. Sperm count was higher (p<0.05) in the major rainy season (4.04×109 mL) and lower in the dry season (1.89×109 mL). There was no significant (p>0.05) effect of moringa leaf meal×season interaction on spermatozoa characteristics. Conclusion: This study concluded that spermatozoa quality and quantity increased with increasing levels of MOLM in the diet of Guinea fowl cocks.
Guinea Fowl Farming and its Egg Production in the Western Tandjile Department, Chad
Background and Objective: Guinea fowl originates from Africa where it has a cultural significance and its raising is considered as an important traditional activity and food source. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of guinea fowls and guinea fowl eggs in the Western Tandjilé Department. Materials and Methods: Four sub-prefectures were chosen for the potential production of guinea fowl. A total of 320 guinea fowl farmers were the subject of this cross-sectional and retrospective survey. Results: The average number of laying females was 18 heads per backyard. Guinea fowl with dark gray plumage were dominant. Puberty occurs at 7 months (28 weeks) in males and at 8 months (32 weeks) in females. The hen was the most solicited (93%) for the brooding of 17 eggs on average. The hatching rate was 90% and the survival rate of guinea fowl at weaning at 2 months was 81.1%. Almost all farms (98%) were individual. Cereals alone or mixed with oilseeds have been the main feeds of guinea fowl, produced or purchased by producers. An average of 110 eggs laid per female during the five months of laying was observed. Diseases, losses due to predation, theft and lack of supervision were the constraints mentioned. Conclusion: The production of guinea fowl and guinea fowl eggs in the Western Tandjile Department requires special attention and adequate supervision to get rid of the constraints related to this breed and improve its productivity.
Growth Performance and Egg Quality Characteristics of Laying Hens Fed Fresh and Dry Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the performance and egg quality characteristics of laying hens fed fresh and dry ginger. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six pullets at 16 weeks of age were allocated to three treatment groups with 4 replicates of 8 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Hens in treatments 1 and 2 received diets containing 0.00 and 0.50% dried ginger. In treatment 3, fresh ginger equivalent to diet 2 was administered through the drinking water. Quality of eggs laid were assessed at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of the laying periods. Results: Performance was not affected by either ginger treatment (p>0.05) and egg quality parameters were not affected until 10th weeks of the laying period. At 10th weeks of lay, egg shape index was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the ginger groups compared to the control group. At 12th week of the laying period, egg shape index was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the dry ginger group compared to control group. Yolk colour was higher (p<0.05) in the dry ginger group compared to fresh ginger group in the 12th week of the laying period. All shape indices higher than 72% were reported as standard for eggs. The effect of feeding ginger diets on egg shape is a matter of concern because round eggs may not fit in egg trays and thereby increasing egg breakage during transit. Conclusion: Dry ginger meal could be used in the diet of laying chickens to achieve darker and more attractive yolk colour.
Effect of Feeding Sweet Potato and/or High-Oleic Peanuts to Laying Hens on Ileal Nutrient Digestibility
Objective: The study’s goal was to compare, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen, apparent nitrogen retention, apparent fat digestibility and apparent protein digestibility (APD). Materials and Methods: Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were fed to 80 Shaver hens for six weeks. Diets had a 2% inclusion of Celite indigestible marker. The four diets were (1) Conventional corn-soybean control, (2) 8% inclusion of high oleic peanut, (3) 4% inclusion of sweet potato by-product and (4) 4% sweet potato by-product +4% high-oleic peanut inclusion. Results: Control and birds fed a high-oleic peanut containing diet had greater apparent metabolizable energy values than other treatments, while diets containing sweet potatoes and high oleic peanuts had the least (p<0.0001). Apparent nitrogen retention for hens fed a diet containing sweet potatoes was significantly lower (p<0.0001) than other treatments. The diet containing both sweet potatoes and high oleic peanuts had highest apparent fat digestibility (p<0.0001) than other treatments. Control had the lowest apparent fat digestibility with the high oleic containing diet being slightly higher. The apparent protein digestibility of the diet containing sweet potatoes was higher than all treatments (p<0.0001). Control and the birds fed a diet containing high oleic peanuts were lower than the birds fed a diet with sweet potatoes included. Conclusion: This study implicated that diets containing sweet potato are a reasonable alternative feed ingredient for layers and sustainable utilization of a considerable agricultural waste by-product.
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Effect of Feeding Whole-In-Shell Peanuts and High-Oleic Peanuts to Laying Hens on Ileal Nutrient Digestibility
Objective: The present is study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding whole-in-shell peanuts or high-oleic peanuts to laying hens on ileal nutrient digestibility. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 birds per treatment were utilized for 6 weeks with ileal and fecal content being collected at trial termination. Apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen, apparent nitrogen retention, and apparent protein and fat digestibility were examined. Results: There were no significant differences in egg production, feed intake, or feed conversion between treatments. Apparent metabolizable energy and the apparent nitrogen retention was significantly lower in diets containing whole in shell peanuts than the other two treatment diets. Apparent fat digestibility was significantly higher for the treatment with whole in shell peanuts than the other diets, and the high oleic peanut containing diet was significantly higher than the control. Apparent protein digestibility was greater for control diet than the other treatments and the diet containing whole in shell peanuts had significantly lower protein digestibility compared to the diet with high oleic peanuts in it. With the apparent metabolizable energy and the apparent nitrogen retention for high oleic peanut containing diet being statistically the same as the control diet results could indicate that these hens can use the energy and nitrogen for their production. Conclusion: Results indicate that 8% inclusion of high oleic peanuts in diet could be beneficial however feeding whole in shell peanuts may have poorer digestibility results, but not reduce production performance. Both high oleic and whole in shell peanuts could be good alternative feed ingredients.
Effect of Different Levels of Egg Shell in Diet on the Production Performance, Egg Quality and Heavy Metal Contents in Laying Hens
Background and Objective: In Bangladesh, huge amount of eggshell-waste is produced every day. Most of them are discarded into the environment. However, it can be a resource upon proper management. As eggshell contains around 40% calcium which is beneficial as poultry feed. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to convert eggshell-waste as a dietary source of laying hen. Materials and Methods: In this experiment, a total of 50 kg of eggshell was collected from farm and local food vendors. At 30 weeks of age, a total of 100 laying hens were randomly selected and were divided into 5 groups with 4 replications. The treatments were: T0: Control group-100% limestone, T1: 75% limestone and 25% eggshell based-feed, T2: 50% limestone and 50% eggshell based-feed, T3: 25% limestone and 75% eggshell based-feed and T4: 100% eggshell-feed. The hens were fed with 120 g/hen/day and water was provided ad-libitum during the experiment. The standard management system was followed. Results: A significantly higher egg weight and eggshell weight was found by feeding of 100% eggshell based-feed treatment (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the laying performance, egg production, body weight and egg quality among the treatments but the eggshell breaking strength was improved by using eggshell as poultry feed. Therefore, 3.80 kg/cm2 egg-shell breaking strength was found in 100% eggshell-feed which was numerically higher among the treatments. Inclusion of eggshell to the laying hen diet resulted in similar production performance and egg qualities compared to those of control. On the other hand, heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd) concentration followed in decreasing trend. Therefore, Egg shell would be a good source of poultry feed. Conclusion: Based on the experiment it can be concluded that eggshell may be used as an alternative source of calcium rather than throwing as waste.
Inclusion of Secale cereale and Pentosanases in the Ration of Laying Hens: Exploring its Effect on Egg Production and Concentrate Intake and Searching the Optimal Combination in a Diet
Background and Objective: Antinutritional factors are usually found in cereals, these correspond to molecular complexes structured by carbohydrates present in the grains, which increase the viscosity of the food bolus, resulting in diminished organic matter digestibility, food intake and egg production. These polymers are known as soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). The objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of incorporating Secale cereale (SEc) and pentosanases (EEp) in the diets of laying hens (Lohmann LSL hybrid) on their egg production (EP) and concentrate consumption (CC), optimal combination between the main factors was estimated for EP and CC. Materials and Methods: The trial was carried out on a commercial egg-producing poultry farm (Valparaíso Region, Chile). A completely randomized experimental design was used, with a 4×5 factorial arrangement of two factors (four levels for SEc and five levels for EEp). Ten repetitions were used per treatment, where each experimental unit corresponded to one cage with five hens. A contour curvature analysis was carried out to determine the optimal level of inclusion of SEc with EEp. The experimental period lasted 84 days. Results: There was an interaction effect of SEc and EEp on EP and CC. The optimum level of inclusion for EP was 200 g kg–1 SEc and 1 g kg–1 EEp, with average production of 396 units, for CC, the optimum value observed corresponded to 200 g kg–1 SEc with 0.5 g kg–1 EEp (47.56 kg). The lowest EP and CC responses, regardless of the EEp level in the diet, was observed with the inclusion of 600 g kg–1 SEc. The contour area curvature analysis for EP gave a high response curve zone between 130-390 g kg–1 SEc and 0.38-1.57 g kg–1 EEp, the highest response levels for CC were 120-350 g kg–1 SEc and 0.43-1.75 g kg–1 EEp. Conclusion: In this research it was possible to establish that high level of SEc inclusion in the diet affects negatively eggs production and concentrate intake. However, when pentosanases are included in the diet improve these variables. These results suggest possible antinutritional factors of SEc that could have caused negative effects on the hens' physiological response.
Effect of Light Color on Gas Euthanasia in Neonatal Chickens During Shackling and Corticosterone Levels in Ducks Prior to Slaughter
Background and Objective: A study was conducted to compare euthanizing neonatal birds with carbon dioxide or nitrogen gas in conjunction with various monochromatic light conditions. A second study investigated the effects of monochromatic lighting on corticosterone concentrations prior to stunning in market age birds. Materials and Methods: Neonatal male layer chicks, broiler chicks and ducklings were used for gas euthanasia study and market age broiler chickens and Pekin ducks were used for pre-stunning study. Neonates were euthanized using carbon dioxide (CO2) or Nitrogen (N), while under one of the following lighting conditions, green (G), blue (B), red (R), white (W), or absence of light (Dark). Results: All neonates euthanized using N took longer (p<0.05) to lose posture than those euthanized with CO2. Cessation of movement was greater (p<0.05) in neonates euthanized with N2 compared to CO2. Greater vocalizations (p<0.05) were observed in neonates euthanized with N2 compared to CO2. While light color did not show differences in vocalizations produced with male layer and broiler chicks, the most vocalizations occurred under the absence of light in ducklings compared to all other colors (p<0.05). Light color also showed differences in loss of posture and cessation of movement (p<0.05), however there was no consistency between species of neonates. Broiler chickens and Pekin ducks resulted in the highest concentration (p<0.05) of corticosterone under Dark, with G resulting in the lowest concentration. Conclusion: CO2 is considered a better means of gaseous euthanasia of neonates compared to N2. It may be beneficial and recommended to provide G lighting for poultry pre-stunning, however light color should be considered based on the species of poultry and their ability to perceive different wavelengths.
Broiler Genetics May Influence Performance Response When Fed Low Crude Protein Diets
Background and Objective: Genetic selection for rapid growth and increased meat yield in a short period of time has greatly improved feed efficiency. However, the increased pressure for growth has prompted unforeseen consequences of other stressors on the broiler bird. These stressors utilize energy and nutrients that otherwise would be utilized for growth. This study was designed to evaluate how two genetic lines would perform while consuming less protein as a potential model to evaluate feed additives that may improve digestibility or immune and oxidative status. Materials and Methods: A field study was conducted and a reduced protein model was used in these two experiments. In experiment 1, Cobb 500 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments: Nutrient adequate basal diet and the basal diet with reduced crude protein. In experiment 2, Cobb 700 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the experimental diets used in experiment 1. Results: Body weight was decreased in Cobb 500 broilers compared with Cobb 700 broilers when dietary crude protein was reduced. Furthermore, Cobb 500 broilers consumed less feed compared with Cobb 700 broilers when dietary crude protein was reduced. Conclusion: As a producer, it is essential to find the point of maximum economic efficiency for the strain of broilers being reared. These data indicated differences among broiler genetic lines and dietary crude protein need to be considered when formulating diets.